Abstract
In contrast to conventional segmental baffle design, the EMbaffle® heat exchanger design with Expanded Metal grid baffles gives extremely low pressure drop and hinders vibrations. Besides mechanically supporting the tubes it also enhances shell-side flow characteristics and thus promotes heat transfer. The Expanded Metal baffle is conceptually designed to act as turbulence promoter, as changes in geometry and the influence on turbulent kinetic energy can be easily followed by CFD analysis. Two design cases give a final idea on applicability in industry.
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Abbreviations
- \(a_{1}\) :
-
Deposition constant (1/h)
- \(a_{2}\) :
-
Suppression constant (m2 K/J Pa)
- \(A\) :
-
Heat transfer area (m2)
- \(A_{B}\) :
-
Baffle flow area (m2)
- \(A_{\text{EM}}\) :
-
EMbaffle grid projected area (m2)
- \(A_{R}\) :
-
Ring area (m2)
- \(A_{s}\) :
-
Shell flow area (m2)
- \(C\) :
-
Tube span constant
- \(C_{\text{cl}}\) :
-
Cost of cleaning (US$/unit)
- \(C_{E}\) :
-
Cost of energy (US$/J)
- \(C_{L}\) :
-
Laminar heat transfer geometry function
- \(C_{T}\) :
-
Turbulent heat transfer geometry function
- \(D_{h}\) :
-
Characteristic diameter for Nu and Re h (m)
- \(D_{I}\) :
-
Tube internal diameter (m)
- \(D_{P}\) :
-
Characteristic diameter for Re P (m)
- \(D_{S}\) :
-
Shell inner diameter (m)
- \(D_{T}\) :
-
Tube outer diameter (m)
- \(E\) :
-
Modulus of elasticity of tube material (Pa)
- \(E_{n}\) :
-
Activation energy (J/mol)
- \(f_{F}\) :
-
Fanning friction factor
- \(F_{t}\) :
-
Correction factor depending on geometry and temperatures
- \(f_{N}\) :
-
Natural frequency (Hz)
- \(g_{c}\) :
-
Conversion constant
- \(h\) :
-
Film transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
- \(h_{i}\) :
-
Inner heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
- \(h_{o}\) :
-
Outer heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
- \(I\) :
-
Moment of inertia of tube (m4)
- \(K_{b}\) :
-
Hydraulic loss coefficient of baffle
- \(L\) :
-
Unsupported tube span (m)
- \(L_{t}\) :
-
Tube length (m)
- \({\text{LWD}}\) :
-
Long way of diamond (m)
- \(N_{B}\) :
-
Number of baffles
- \(N_{C}\) :
-
Number of cleaning events
- \(N_{T}\) :
-
Number of baffles
- \({\text{obj}}\) :
-
Objective function value (US$)
- \(Q\) :
-
Heat transferred (W)
- \(Q_{E}\) :
-
Energy cost (MW)
- \(R\) :
-
Correction factor constant
- \(R_{\text{GC}}\) :
-
Gas constant (J/mol K)
- \(R_{f}\) :
-
Fouling resistance (m2K/W)
- \(R_{\text{fo}}\) :
-
External fouling resistance (m2K/W)
- \(S\) :
-
Correction factor constant
- \({\text{SWD}}\) :
-
Short way of diamond (m)
- \(T\) :
-
Film temperature (K)
- \(T_{1}\) :
-
Hot fluid inlet temperature (K)
- \(T_{2}\) :
-
Hot fluid outlet temperature (K)
- \(t\) :
-
Time (s)
- \(t_{1}\) :
-
Cold fluid inlet temperature (K)
- \(t_{2}\) :
-
Cold fluid outlet temperature (K)
- \(t_{f}\) :
-
Operating campaign (s)
- \(V_{B}\) :
-
Baffle velocity calculated from A b (m/s)
- \(V_{s}\) :
-
Shell-side velocity calculated from A s (m/s)
- \(U\) :
-
Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
- \(W_{e}\) :
-
Effective mass per unit length (kg/m)
- \(\Delta T_{\text{lm}}\) :
-
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (K)
- \(\Delta T_{m}\) :
-
Average temperature driving force (K)
- \(\Delta P\) :
-
Pressure drop (Pa)
- \(\Delta P_{B}\) :
-
Baffle flow pressure drop (Pa)
- \(\Delta P_{L}\) :
-
Longitudinal flow pressure drop (Pa)
- \(\lambda_{w}\) :
-
Wall thermal conductivity (W/m K)
- \(\mu_{b}\) :
-
Bulk viscosity (Pas)
- \(\mu_{w}\) :
-
Wall viscosity (Pas)
- \(\rho\) :
-
Mass density (kg/m3)
- \(\tau\) :
-
Shear stress (Pa)
- \(Nu\) :
-
Nusselt number
- \(Pr\) :
-
Prandtl number
- \(Re_{h}\) :
-
Heat transfer Reynolds number
- \(Re_{p}\) :
-
Longitudinal flow Reynolds number
References
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Rottoli, M., Odry, T., Agazzi, D., Notarbartolo, E. (2018). EMbaffle® Heat Exchange Technology. In: Bart, HJ., Scholl, S. (eds) Innovative Heat Exchangers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71641-1_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71641-1_11
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