Abstract
Self-assembly in colloidal model systems is no different than self-assembly in atomic or molecular systems, other than that model systems are designed for the easy inspection of their dynamics and resulting structures. In this chapter we will give a concise overview of what properties an experimental self-assembling system should ideally have for convenient characterization and how this has been realized so far, with special emphasis on the real-space and real-time microscopic characterization of the behaviour on non-isotropically interacting colloids, usually referred to as patchy particles. We will also discuss what properties can be used to steer the self-assembly of such units towards target structures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Van Blaaderen A, Imhof A, Hage W, Vrij A. Three-dimensional imaging of submicrometer colloidal particles in concentrated suspensions using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Langmuir. 1992;8(6):1514–7.
Aarts DGAL. Direct visual observation of thermal capillary waves. Science. 2004;304(5672):847–50.
Zaccarelli E. Colloidal gels: equilibrium and non-equilibrium routes. J Phys Condens Matter. 2007;19(32):323101.
Pusey PN, van Megen W. Phase behaviour of concentrated suspensions of nearly hard colloidal spheres. Nature. 1986;320(6060):340–2.
Yethiraj A, van Blaaderen A. A colloidal model system with an interaction tunable from hard sphere to soft and dipolar. Nature. 2003;421:513–7.
Palberg T. Crystallization kinetics of colloidal model suspensions: recent achievements and new perspectives. J Phys Condens Matter. 2014;26(33):333101.
Perrin J. Atoms. London: Constable; 1916.
Sullivan MT, Zhao K, Hollingsworth AD, Austin RH, Russel WB, Chaikin PM. An electric bottle for colloids. Phys Rev Lett. 2006;96(1):015703.
Leunissen ME, Sullivan MT, Chaikin PM, van Blaaderen A. Concentrating colloids with electric field gradients. I. Particle transport and growth mechanism of hard-sphere-like crystals in an electric bottle. J Chem Phys. 2008;128(16):164508.
Leunissen ME, van Blaaderen A. Concentrating colloids with electric field gradients. II. Phase transitions and crystal buckling of long-ranged repulsive charged spheres in an electric bottle. J Chem Phys. 2008;128(16):164509.
Hermes M, Vermolen ECM, Leunissen ME, Vossen DLJ, van Oostrum PDJ, Dijkstra M, van Blaaderen A. Nucleation of colloidal crystals on configurable seed structures. Soft Matter. 2011;7(10):4623.
Hynninen A-P, Dijkstra M. Phase diagram of dipolar hard and soft spheres: manipulation of colloidal crystal structures by an external field. Phys Rev Lett. 2005;94(13).
Smallenburg F, Vutukuri HR, Imhof A, van Blaaderen A, Dijkstra M. Self-assembly of colloidal particles into strings in a homogeneous external electric or magnetic field. J Phys Condens Matter. 2012;24(46):464113.
Yethiraj A. Tunable colloids: control of colloidal phase transitions with tunable interactions. Soft Matter. 2007;3(9):1099.
Frenkel D. Order through disorder. Nat Mater. 2015;14:9–12.
Pawar AB, Kretzschmar I. Fabrication, assembly, and application of patchy particles. Macromol Rapid Commun. 2010;31:150.
Bianchi E, Blaak R, Likos CN. Patchy colloids: state of the art and perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011;13:6397–410.
Yi G-R, Pine DJ, Sacanna S. Recent progress on patchy colloids and their self-assembly. J Phys Condens Matter. 2013;25(19):193101.
Duguet É, Hubert C, Chomette C, Perro A, Ravaine S. Patchy colloidal particles for programmed self-assembly. C R Chim. 2016;19(1–2):173–82.
Bianchi E, Capone B, Coluzza I, Rovigatti L, van Oostrum PDJ. Limiting the valence: advancements and new perspectives on patchy colloids, soft functionalized nanoparticles and biomolecules. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017;19:19847–19868.
Rest C, Kandanelli R, Fernández G. Strategies to create hierarchical self-assembled structures via cooperative non-covalent interactions. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44(8):2543–72.
Gârlea IC, Bianchi E, Capone B, Rovigatti L, Likos CN. Hierarchical self-organization of soft patchy nanoparticles into morphologically diverse aggregates. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;30:1–7.
Casagrande C, Fabre P, Raphaël E, Veyssié M. “Janus Beads”: realization and behaviour at water/oil interfaces. EPL. 1989;9(3):251.
Lattuada M, Alan Hatton T. Synthesis, properties and applications of Janus nanoparticles. Nano Today. 2011;6(3):286–308.
Walther A, Müller AHE. Janus particles: synthesis, self-assembly, physical properties, and applications. Chem Rev. 2013;113:5194–261.
Pawar AB, Kretzschmar I. Multifunctional patchy particles by glancing angle deposition. Langmuir. 2009;25(16):9057–63.
Chen Q, Bae SC, Granick S. Directed self-assembly of a colloidal kagome lattice. Nature. 2011;469:381–4.
Hong L, Cacciuto A, Luijten E, Granick S. Clusters of charged janus spheres. Nano Lett. 2006;6(11):2510–4.
Chen Q, Diesel E, Whitmer JK, Bae SC, Luijten E, Granick S. Triblock colloids for directed self-assembly. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133(20):7725–7.
Pawar AB, Kretzschmar I. Patchy particles by glancing angle deposition. Langmuir. 2008;24:355–8.
He Z, Kretzschmar I. Template-assisted fabrication of patchy particles with uniform patches. Langmuir. 2012;28(26):9915–9.
McConnell MD, Kraeutler MJ, Yang S, Composto RJ. Patchy and multiregion janus particles with tunable optical properties. Nano Lett. 2010;10(2):603–9.
Lin C-C, Liao C-W, Chao Y-C, Kuo C. Fabrication and characterization of asymmetric janus and ternary particles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2010;2(11):3185–91.
van Oostrum PDJ, Hejazifar M, Niedermayer C, Reimhult E. Simple method for the synthesis of inverse patchy colloids. J Phys Condens Matter. 2015;27(23):234105.
Ding T, Tian Y, Liang K, Clays K, Song K, Yang G, Tung C-H. Anisotropic oxygen plasma etching of colloidal particles in electrospun fibers. Chem Commun (Camb). 2011;47(8):2429–31.
Takahara YK, Ikeda S, Ishino S, Tachi K, Ikeue K, Sakata T, Hasegawa T, Mori H, Matsumura M, Ohtani B. Asymmetrically modified silica particles: a simple particulate surfactant for stabilization of oil droplets in water. J Am Chem Soc. 2005;127(17):6271–5.
Hong L, Jiang S, Granick S. Simple method to produce janus colloidal particles in large quantity. Langmuir. 2006;22(23):9495–9.
Böker A, He J, Emrick T, Russell TP. Self-assembly of nanoparticles at interfaces. Soft Matter. 2007;3(10):1231.
Jiang S, Granick S. Controlling the geometry (Janus balance) of amphiphilic colloidal particles. Langmuir. 2008;24(6):2438–45.
Perro A, Meunier F, Schmitt V, Ravaine S. Production of large quantities of “Janus” nanoparticles using wax-in-water emulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2009;332(1):57–62.
Petit L, Manaud JP, Mingotaud C, Ravaine S, Duguet E. Sub-micrometer silica spheres dissymmetrically decorated with gold nanoclusters. Mater Lett. 2001;51(6):478–84.
Sabapathy M, Shelke Y, Basavaraj MG, Mani E. Synthesis of non-spherical patchy particles at fluid–fluid interfaces via differential deformation and their self-assembly. Soft Matter. 2016;12(27):5950–8.
Vilain C, Goettmann F, Moores A, Le Floch P, Sanchez C. Study of metal nanoparticles stabilised by mixed ligand shell: a striking blue shift of the surface-plasmon band evidencing the formation of Janus nanoparticles. J Mater Chem. 2007;17:3509–14.
Andala DM, Shin SHR, Lee H-Y, Bishop KJM. Templated synthesis of amphiphilic nanoparticles at the liquid–liquid interface. ACS Nano. 2012;6(2):1044–50.
Manoharan VN. Dense packing and symmetry in small clusters of microspheres. Science. 2003;301(5632):483–7.
Wang Y, Wang Y, Breed DR, Manoharan VN, Feng L, Hollingsworth AD, Weck M, Pine DJ. Colloids with valence and specific directional bonding. Nature. 2012;491(7422):51–5.
Wang Y, Hollingsworth AD, Kyung Yang S, Patel S, Pine DJ, Weck M. Patchy particle self-assembly via metal coordination. J Am Chem Soc. 2013;135(38):14064–7.
Kraft DJ, Hilhorst J, Heinen MAP, Hoogenraad MJ, Luigjes B, Kegel WK. Patchy polymer colloids with tunable anisotropy dimensions. J Phys Chem B. 2011;115(22):7175–81.
Désert A, Chaduc I, Fouilloux S, Taveau J-C, Lambert O, Lansalot M, Bourgeat-Lami E, Thill A, Spalla O, Ravaine S, Duguet E. High-yield preparation of polystyrene/silica clusters of controlled morphology. Polym Chem. 2012;3(5):1130.
Désert A, Hubert C, Fu Z, Moulet L, Majimel J, Barboteau P, Thill A, Lansalot M, Bourgeat-Lami E, Duguet E, Ravaine S. Synthesis and site-specific functionalization of tetravalent, hexavalent, and dodecavalent silica particles. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2013;52(42):11068–72.
Kraft DJ, Ni R, Smallenburg F, Hermes M, Yoon K, Weitz DA, van Blaaderen A, Groenewold J, Dijkstra M, Kegel WK. Surface roughness directed self-assembly of patchy particles into colloidal micelles. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109(27):10787–92.
Sacanna S, Irvine WTM, Chaikin PM, Pine DJ. Lock and key colloids. Nature. 2010;464(7288):575–8.
Mely Ramírez L, Milner ST, Snyder CE, Colby RH, Velegol D. Controlled flats on spherical polymer colloids. Langmuir. 2010;26(10):7644–9.
Ramírez LM, Smith AS, Unal DB, Colby RH, Velegol D. Self-assembly of doublets from flattened polymer colloids. Langmuir. 2012;28(9):4086–94.
Ramírez LM, Michaelis CA, Rosado JE, Pabón EK, Colby RH, Velegol D. Polloidal chains from self-assembly of flattened particles. Langmuir. 2013;29(33):10340–5.
Cayre O, Paunov VN, Velev OD. Fabrication of asymmetrically coated colloid particles by microcontact printing techniques. J Mater Chem. 2003;13(10):2445.
Jiang S, Granick S. A simple method to produce trivalent colloidal particles. Langmuir. 2009;25(16):8915–8.
Seidel P, Ravoo BJ. Preparation of microscale polymer janus particles by sandwich microcontact printing. Macromol Chem Phys. 2016;217(13):1467–72.
Gangwal S, Cayre OJ, Velev OD. Dielectrophoretic assembly of metallodielectric Janus particles in AC electric fields. Langmuir. 2008;24:13312–20.
Gangwal S, Cayre OJ, Bazant MZ, Velev OD. Induced-charge electrophoresis of metallodielectric particles. Phys Rev Lett. 2008.100:058302.
Smoukov SK, Gangwal S, Marquez M, Velev OD. Reconfigurable responsive structures assembled from magnetic Janus particles. Soft Matter. 2009;5:1285–92.
Gangwal S, Pawar A, Kretzschmar I, Velev OD. Programmed assembly of metallodielectric patchy particles in external AC electric fields. Soft Matter. 2010;6:1413–8.
Kretzschmar I, Song JH. Surface-anisotropic spherical colloids in geometric and field confinement. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2011;16:84–95.
Rossi L, Sacanna S, Irvine WTM, Chaikin PM, Pine DJ, Philipse AP. Cubic crystals from cubic colloids. Soft Matter. 2011;7:4139–42.
Champion JA, Katare YK, Mitragotri S. Making polymeric micro- and nanoparticles of complex shapes. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2007;104(29):11901–4.
Vutukuri HR, Imhof A, van Blaaderen A. Fabrication of polyhedral particles from spherical colloids and their self-assembly into rotator phases. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2014;53(50):13830–4.
Barry E, Dogic Z. Entropy driven self-assembly of nonamphiphilic colloidal membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010;107(23):10348–53.
Qi W, de Graaf J, Qiao F, Marras S, Manna L, Dijkstra M. Ordered two-dimensional superstructures of colloidal octapod-shaped nanocrystals on flat substrates. Nano Lett. 2012;12(10):5299–303. PMID: 22938387.
Vutukuri HR, Smallenburg F, Badaire S, Imhof A, Dijkstra M, van Blaaderen A. An experimental and simulation study on the self-assembly of colloidal cubes in external electric fields. Soft Matter. 2014;10:9110–9.
Bharti B, Velev OD. Assembly of reconfigurable colloidal structures by multi-directional field-induced interactions. Langmuir. 2015;31:7897–908.
Ristenpart WD, Aksay IA, Saville DA. Electrically guided assembly of planar superlattices in binary colloidal suspensions. Phys Rev Lett. 2003;90:128303.
Khalil KS, Sagastegui A, Li Y, Tahir MA, Socolar JES, Wiley BJ, Yellen BB. Binary colloidal structures assembled through Ising interactions. Nat Commun. 2012;3:794.
Nych A, Ognysta U, Škarabot M, Ravnik M, žumer S, Muševič I. Assembly and control of 3D nematic dipolar colloidal crystals. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1489.
Mangold K, Leiderer P, Bechinger C. Phase transitions of colloidal monolayers in periodic pinning arrays. Phys Rev Lett. 2003;90:158302.
Mikhael J, Roth J, Helden L, Bechinger C. Archimedean-like tiling on decagonal quasicrystalline surfaces. Nature. 2008;454:501–4.
Demirors AF, Pillai PP, Kowalczy B, Grzybowski M. Colloidal assembly directed by virtual magnetic moulds. Nature. 2013;503:99–103.
Bianchi E, Kahl G, Likos CN. Inverse patchy colloids: from microscopic description to mesoscopic coarse-graining. Soft Matter. 2011;7(18):8313.
Bianchi E, van Oostrum PDJ, Likos CN, Kahl G. Inverse patchy colloids: synthesis, modeling and self-organization. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;30:8–15.
Denkov N, Velev O, Kralchevski P, Ivanov I, Yoshimura H, Nagayama K. Mechanism of formation of two-dimensional crystals from latex particles on substrates. Langmuir. 1992;8(12):3183–90.
Choueiri RM, Galati E, Thérien-Aubin H, Klinkova A, Larin EM, Querejeta-Fernández A, Han L, Xin HL, Gang O, Zhulina EB, Rubinstein M, Kumacheva E. Surface patterning of nanoparticles with polymer patches. Nature. 2016;538(7623):79–83.
Capone B, Coluzza I, LoVerso F, Likos CN, Blaak R. Telechelic star polymers as self-assembling units from the molecular to the macroscopic scale. Phys Rev Lett. 2012;109(23):238301.
Alward DB, Kinning DJ, Thomas EL, Fetters LJ. Effect of arm number and arm molecular weight on the solid-state morphology of poly(styrene-isoprene) star block copolymers. Macromolecules. 1986;19(1):215–24.
Thomas EL, Alward DB, Kinning DJ, Martin DC, Handlin DL, Fetters LJ. Ordered bicontinuous double-diamond structure of star block copolymers: a new equilibrium microdomain morphology. Macromolecules. 1986;19(8):2197–202.
Zhao Y, Berger R, Landfester K, Crespy D. Polymer patchy colloids with sticky patches. Polym Chem. 2014;5(2):365–71.
Nikoubashman A, Lee VE, Sosa C, Prud’homme RK, Priestley RD, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Directed assembly of soft colloids through rapid solvent exchange. ACS Nano. 2016;10(1):1425–33.
Sosa C, Liu R, Tang C, Qu F, Niu S, Bazant MZ, Prud’homme RK, Priestley RD. Soft multifaced and patchy colloids by constrained volume self-assembly. Macromolecules. 2016;49(9):3580–5.
Li N, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Nikoubashman A. Structured nanoparticles from the self-assembly of polymer blends through rapid solvent exchange. Langmuir. 2017;33:6021–28.
Higuchi T, Tajima A, Yabu H, Shimomura M. Spontaneous formation of polymer nanoparticles with inner micro-phase separation structures. Soft Matter. 2008;4:1302–5.
Cheng L, Zhang G, Zhu L, Chen D, Jiang M. Nanoscale tubular and sheetlike superstructures from hierarchical self-assembly of polymeric Janus particles. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008;47(52):10171–4.
Gröschel AH, Walther A, Löbling TI, Schmelz J, Hanisch A, Schmalz H, Müller AHE. Facile, solution-based synthesis of soft, nanoscale janus particles with tunable janus balance. J Am Chem Soc. 2012;134(33):13850–60.
Hanisch A, Gröschel AH, Förtsch M, Drechsler M, Jinnai H, Ruhland TM, Schacher FH, Müller AHE. Counterion-mediated hierarchical self-assembly of an ABC Miktoarm Star terpolymer. ACS Nano. 2013;7(5):4030–41. PMID: 23544750.
Gröschel AH, Walther A, Löbling TI, Schacher FH, Schmalz H, Müller AHE. Guided hierarchical co-assembly of soft patchy nanoparticles. Nature. 2013;503(7475):247–51.
Ke Y, Ong LL, Shih WM, Yin P. Three-dimensional structures self-assembled from DNA bricks. Science. 2012;338(6111):1177–83.
Cademartiri L, Bishop KJM. Programmable self-assembly. Nat Mater. 2015;14(1):2–9.
Lawrence DS, Jiang T, Levett M. Self-assembling supramolecular complexes. Chem Rev. 1995;95(6):2229–60.
Ratner BD, Bryant SJ. Biomaterials: where we have been and where we are going. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2004;6(1):41–75.
Coluzza I, Muller HG, Frenkel D. Designing refoldable model molecules. Phys Rev E. 2003;68(4):046703.
Coluzza I. A coarse-grained approach to protein design: Learning from design to understand folding. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e20853.
Coluzza I, Dellago C. The configurational space of colloidal patchy polymers with heterogeneous sequences. J Phys Condens Matter. 2012;24(28):284111.
Coluzza I. Computational protein design: a review. J Phys Condens Matter. 2017;29(14):143001.
Coluzza I, van Oostrum PDJ, Capone B, Reimhult E, Dellago C. Design and folding of colloidal patchy polymers. Soft Matter. 2013;9(3):938–44.
Coluzza I, van Oostrum PDJ, Capone B, Reimhult E, Dellago C. Sequence controlled self-knotting colloidal patchy polymers. Phys Rev Lett. 2013;110(7):075501.
Goubault C, Leal-Calderon F, Viovy JL, Bibette J. Self-assembled magnetic nanowires made irreversible by polymer bridging. Langmuir. 2005;21(9):3725–9.
Vutukuri HR, Demirors AF, Peng B, van Oostrum PDJ, Imhof A, van Blaaderen A. Colloidal analogues of charged and uncharged polymer chains with tunable stiffness. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2012;51(45):11249–53.
Biswal SL, Gast AP. Mechanics of semiflexible chains formed by poly(ethylene glycol)-linked paramagnetic particles. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2003;68(2 Pt 1):021402.
Byrom J, Han P, Savory M, Biswal SL. Directing assembly of DNA-coated colloids with magnetic fields to generate rigid, semiflexible, and flexible chains. Langmuir. 2014;30(30):9045–52.
Bannwarth MB, Kazer SW, Ulrich S, Glasser G, Crespy D, Landfester K. Well-defined nanofibers with tunable morphology from spherical colloidal building blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2013;52(38):10107–11.
Bannwarth MB, Utech S, Ebert S, Weitz DA, Crespy D, Landfester K. Colloidal polymers with controlled sequence and branching constructed from magnetic field assembled nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2015;9(3):2720–8. PMID: 25695858.
Merrifield RB. Solid phase peptide synthesis. I. the synthesis of a tetrapeptide. J Am Chem Soc. 1963;85(14):2149–54.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Oostrum, P.v. (2017). Experimental Study of Self-Assembling Systems Characterized by Directional Interactions. In: Coluzza, I. (eds) Design of Self-Assembling Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71578-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71578-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71576-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71578-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)