Abstract
This chapter examines community-based tourism (CBT) – one of the pathways indigenous people choose to cope with livelihood stress – through the lens of resilience livelihood. Social capital is a significant asset for vulnerable groups to develop CBT and a good example of resilience, in that CBT shows how the transformed social capital maintains its role in facilitating collective actions. Bonding connections and bridging networks are applied to assess the implications of social capital for community participation in tourism activities. The results describe three stages of CBT development at three study sites in which social capital contributes to the formation of different tourism management styles: private business, cooperative business, and community enterprise.
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Notes
- 1.
Nùng, Thái, Tày, and Mường are ethnic minorities who originally lived in Northern Vietnam and who migrated to the Central Highlands after the Vietnam War.
- 2.
Lac Village is a rural area of the Hoa Binh Province in the northwest region of Vietnam. This village is over 700 years old, and the scenery of Lac village attracts many tourists. In 1993, it received permission to become a tourist destination. At present, there are 20 homestays at this village (Le 2015).
- 3.
JICA stands for Japan International Cooperation Agency. Some years ago, this organization funded for a 4-year project in Lac Duong District for “Strengthening Community-Based Management Capacity of Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park” (http://www.jica.go.jp/vietnam/). In one of the JICA programs, the indigenous people had a chance to visit some CBT destinations in the north including Lac Village (mentioned above) to learn from the experiences there.
- 4.
In Vietnam, the provinces are divided into districts (huyện), provincial cities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh), and district-level towns (thị xã) which are subdivided into commune-level towns (thị trấn), or commune (xã). A commune-level town can be upgraded to a district-level town, and district-level towns can develop into provincial cities. In 2009, Kontum district-level town was upgraded to provincial cite.
- 5.
According to a Bana legend, in the early ages, the tribes in this area always fought each other over properties and power. But the Bana sons disapproved of the war and did not want to join in the fighting anymore. They then decided to settle down in peace nearby the Dak Bla River. This legend also explains the name of their village: Kontum – a village of lake. Since then, they have been known for their peace-loving nature (Kon Tum Province 2009).
- 6.
Dalat is capital of Lam Dong Province and has long been a resort center in highlands (Wikipedia 2005a).
- 7.
Saigon is the biggest city and the big tourism center and business, financial hub in Vietnam (Vietnam Tours 2016).
- 8.
Buon Ma Thuot is the capital city of Dak Lak Province and is recognized as capital of Central Highlands as well.
- 9.
Nha Trang is a coastal city and capital of Khanh Hoa Province, one of the tourism hubs in Vietnam (Wikipedia 2005b).
- 10.
- 11.
In Vietnam, the province is divided into districts (huyện), provincial cities, provincial cities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh), and district-level towns (thị xã) which are subdivided into commune-level towns (thị trấn), or commune (xã). A commune-level town can be upgraded to a district-level town, and district-level towns can develop into provincial cities depending on their urbanization level.
- 12.
This can be understood, since processes of urbanization in Vietnam are sometimes not corresponding to stage of development (World Bank 2011). And the disparity of development pace in every administration unit might be caught.
- 13.
Website of Van Long Company: http://dulichvanlong.com/en
- 14.
Website of Lak Resort Company: http://daklaktourist.com.vn/
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Thái, H.A.C. (2018). Livelihood Resilience – A Case Study: Community-Based Tourism (CBT). In: Livelihood Pathways of Indigenous People in Vietnam’s Central Highlands. Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71171-3_4
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