Abstract
The role of local public administrations in favoring dialogue among different players—professionals and workers in public health, urban planners, politicians, and the civil community—is fundamental. All these figures can assume common responsibilities in constructing plans and projects for the city, overcoming the gap between different skills, approaches, and languages. What is certain is that the role of the central (national) government in health policies and city planning cannot be ignored: national approaches, laws, and regulations affect local plans and policies. Some experiments made in recent years in Finland, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, etc., on attempts to integrate urban planning and health have felt the effects of some important innovations on the central level [public-health reforms, national recommendations, guidelines on the Health Impact Assessment (HIA), etc.]. Other countries, such as France and Italy, began to address these themes only a few years ago, and on the national level, legislative references are still lacking. Little experimentation has been made in the field, and the experiments carried out have mostly regarded the application of the HIA to individual plans and projects. At any rate, there is growing interest even in these countries.
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Notes
- 1.
Among the motives, Goumans and Springett (1997) highlight the lack of recognition by European governments of the role played by social/environmental conditions in determining health and well-being.
- 2.
The first of these, the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) of 2012, fixed the general guidelines in which local administrations should provide urban plans with the expressly declared objective of aiming for healthy cities, assessing needs in terms of well-being, and collaboration with health authorities and their structures.
The second is the Health and Social Care Act of 2012, which transferred the responsibility for public health to local communities starting in 2013 and which also called for the constitution of mixed commissions on health and well-being among national service workers and local entities to strategically program health and social services.
The third, the Localism Act of 2011, conferred more power on local entities and inhabitants, allowing them to redirect even the Neighbourhood Plans in a participatory way. It also introduced a series of innovations influencing the management of health, including social housing and its creation and management.
- 3.
This is a charity founded in England in 1899 that promotes knowledge regarding territorial planning and sustainable development.
- 4.
The London Local Plan is the main urban plan for the City of London. It establishes: the vision for the city for the next 15–20 years; policies in matters of land use, housing policies, transport, urban regeneration, and environmental choices; and the guiding principles for lower-level subordinate planning.
- 5.
Whitehill and Bordon, Hampshire; Cranbrook, Devon; Darlington; Barking Riverside; Whyndyke Farm in Fylde, Lancashire; Halton Lea, Runcorn; Bicester, Oxon; Northstowe, Cambridgeshire; Ebbsfleet Garden City, Kent; Barton Park, Oxford.
- 6.
- 7.
The PLUi is the Plan Local d’Urbanisme intercomunale [Inter-Municipal Local Urban Plan], the PLU is the Plan local d’Urbanisme [Local Urban Plan], and SCoT is the Schéma de Cohérence Territoriale [Territorial Coherence Plan] (regarding many municipalities).
- 8.
The General Director for Health asked the School of Health (Ecole des hautes études en santé publique, EHESP) to develop a tool to analyze the impact on health of urban projects and to initiate research and skills on ways to promote health in the field of urban planning.
- 9.
The determinants are: (1) outdoor air quality; (2) water resource quality and management; (3) quality of land and subsoil use; (4) quality of the noise environment; (5) waste management; (6) radiation management; (7) adaptation to climate change; (8) mobility, transport, and access to facilities and services; and (9) housing and living environments.
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D’Onofrio, R., Trusiani, E. (2018). The Need for New Urban Planning for Healthy Cities: Reorienting Urban Planning Towards Healthy Public Policy. In: Urban Planning for Healthy European Cities. SpringerBriefs in Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71144-7_4
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