Abstract
We discuss whether a generic argument can be considered a proof. Two positions on this question have recently been published which focus on the fussiness of an argument as a deciding criterion. We take a third view that takes into account psychological and social factors. Psychologically, for a generic argument to be a proof it must result in a convincing deductive reasoning process occurring in the mind of the reader. Socially, for a generic argument to be a proof it must conform to the social conventions of the context. For classroom settings, we suggest two kinds of evidence that should be reflected in written work in order for a generic argument to be accepted as a proof. These kinds of evidence reveal the linkage between the psychological and social factors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aberdein, A. (2012). The parallel structure of mathematical reasoning. In A. Aberdein & I. J. Dove (Eds.), The argument of mathematics (pp. 351–370). Dordrecht: Springer.
Balacheff, N. (1988). Aspects of proof in pupils’ practice of school mathematics. In D. Pimm (Ed.), Mathematics, teachers and children (pp. 316–230). London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Epstein, R. L. (2012). Mathematics as the art of abstraction. In A. Aberdein & I. J. Dove (Eds.), The argument of mathematics (pp. 249–279). Dordrecht: Springer.
Fischbein, E. (1982). Intuition and proof. For the Learning of Mathematics, 3(2), 9–18.
Hardy, G. H. (1928). Mathematical proof. Mind, 38, 11–25.
Hersh, R. (1993). Proving is convincing and explaining. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 24(4), 389–399.
Kempen, L., & Biehler, R. (2015). Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of generic proofs in elementary number theory. In K. Krainer & N. Vondrová (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education (pp. 135–141). Prague, Czech Republic.
Leron, U., & Zaslasvsky, O. (2013). Generic proving: Reflections on scope and method. For the Learning of Mathematics, 33(3), 24–30.
Lockwood, E., Ellis, A. B., Dogan, M. F., Williams, C., & Knuth, E. (2012). A framework for mathematicians’ example-related activity when exploring and proving mathematical conjectures. In L. R. Van Zoest, J. J. Lo, & J. L. Kratky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (pp. 151–158). Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University.
Malek, A., & Movshovitz-Hadar, N. (2011). The effect of using transparent pseudo-proofs in linear algebra. Research in Mathematics Education, 13(1), 33–57.
Manin, Y. (1977). A course in mathematical logic. New York: Springer.
Mason, J., & Pimm, D. (1984). Generic examples: Seeing the general in the particular. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 15(3), 277–289.
Movshovitz-Hadar, N. (1988). Stimulating presentations of theorems followed by responsive proofs. For the Learning of Mathematics, 8(2), 12–30.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
Selden, A. (2012). Transitions and proof and proving at tertiary level. In G. Hanna & M. de Villiers (Eds.), Proof and proving in mathematics education: The 19th ICMI study (pp. 391–422). Heidelberg: Springer Science + Business Media.
Steiner, M. (1978). Mathematical explanation. Philosophical Studies, 34, 135–151.
Stylianides, A. J. (2007a). The notion of proof in the context of elementary school mathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 65, 1–20.
Stylianides, A. J. (2007b). Proof and proving in school mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 38, 289–321.
Stylianides, G., Sandefur, J., & Watson, A. (2016). Conditions for proving by mathematical induction to be explanatory. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 43, 20–34.
Yopp, D., Ely, R., & Johnson-Leung, J. (2015). Generic example proving criteria for all. For the Learning of Mathematics, 35(3), 8–13.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reid, D., Vallejo Vargas, E. (2018). When Is a Generic Argument a Proof?. In: Stylianides, A., Harel, G. (eds) Advances in Mathematics Education Research on Proof and Proving. ICME-13 Monographs. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70996-3_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70996-3_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70995-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70996-3
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)