Skip to main content

When Is a Generic Argument a Proof?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Mathematics Education Research on Proof and Proving

Part of the book series: ICME-13 Monographs ((ICME13Mo))

Abstract

We discuss whether a generic argument can be considered a proof. Two positions on this question have recently been published which focus on the fussiness of an argument as a deciding criterion. We take a third view that takes into account psychological and social factors. Psychologically, for a generic argument to be a proof it must result in a convincing deductive reasoning process occurring in the mind of the reader. Socially, for a generic argument to be a proof it must conform to the social conventions of the context. For classroom settings, we suggest two kinds of evidence that should be reflected in written work in order for a generic argument to be accepted as a proof. These kinds of evidence reveal the linkage between the psychological and social factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aberdein, A. (2012). The parallel structure of mathematical reasoning. In A. Aberdein & I. J. Dove (Eds.), The argument of mathematics (pp. 351–370). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balacheff, N. (1988). Aspects of proof in pupils’ practice of school mathematics. In D. Pimm (Ed.), Mathematics, teachers and children (pp. 316–230). London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, R. L. (2012). Mathematics as the art of abstraction. In A. Aberdein & I. J. Dove (Eds.), The argument of mathematics (pp. 249–279). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischbein, E. (1982). Intuition and proof. For the Learning of Mathematics, 3(2), 9–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, G. H. (1928). Mathematical proof. Mind, 38, 11–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hersh, R. (1993). Proving is convincing and explaining. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 24(4), 389–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kempen, L., & Biehler, R. (2015). Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of generic proofs in elementary number theory. In K. Krainer & N. Vondrová (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education (pp. 135–141). Prague, Czech Republic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leron, U., & Zaslasvsky, O. (2013). Generic proving: Reflections on scope and method. For the Learning of Mathematics, 33(3), 24–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, E., Ellis, A. B., Dogan, M. F., Williams, C., & Knuth, E. (2012). A framework for mathematicians’ example-related activity when exploring and proving mathematical conjectures. In L. R. Van Zoest, J. J. Lo, & J. L. Kratky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (pp. 151–158). Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malek, A., & Movshovitz-Hadar, N. (2011). The effect of using transparent pseudo-proofs in linear algebra. Research in Mathematics Education, 13(1), 33–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manin, Y. (1977). A course in mathematical logic. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, J., & Pimm, D. (1984). Generic examples: Seeing the general in the particular. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 15(3), 277–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Movshovitz-Hadar, N. (1988). Stimulating presentations of theorems followed by responsive proofs. For the Learning of Mathematics, 8(2), 12–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selden, A. (2012). Transitions and proof and proving at tertiary level. In G. Hanna & M. de Villiers (Eds.), Proof and proving in mathematics education: The 19th ICMI study (pp. 391–422). Heidelberg: Springer Science + Business Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, M. (1978). Mathematical explanation. Philosophical Studies, 34, 135–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stylianides, A. J. (2007a). The notion of proof in the context of elementary school mathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 65, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stylianides, A. J. (2007b). Proof and proving in school mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 38, 289–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stylianides, G., Sandefur, J., & Watson, A. (2016). Conditions for proving by mathematical induction to be explanatory. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 43, 20–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yopp, D., Ely, R., & Johnson-Leung, J. (2015). Generic example proving criteria for all. For the Learning of Mathematics, 35(3), 8–13.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Reid .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Reid, D., Vallejo Vargas, E. (2018). When Is a Generic Argument a Proof?. In: Stylianides, A., Harel, G. (eds) Advances in Mathematics Education Research on Proof and Proving. ICME-13 Monographs. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70996-3_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70996-3_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70995-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70996-3

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics