Abstract
The legal framework on domestic household water use and sanitation specifically mandates the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System to engage in capital infrastructure and water distribution in Metro Manila. On the other hand, the water districts and municipal-government-administered water works play a key role in the supply, distribution, and management at the local level. Historically, these water institutions have paid less attention to sanitation and have focused more on water provisioning. Insufficient public investments and mismanagement have led to serious gaps in performance. The patterns of water use in the domestic household sector follow the country’s demographic distribution where urban and town centers are favored infrastructure-wise over rural and urbanizing areas. This chapter identifies the inefficiencies, the gaps in access by the poor, and the poor participation by consumers in water district schemes in urban areas. It also describes the challenges of rural villages distant from town centers that remain underserved or with crude water provisioning schemes. Urbanizing areas suffer from competing uses between households and small-scale industries and the attendant pollution arising from unregulated wastewater-dumping activities. Incipient attempts at reform either at the community or local government level toward improving domestic household water use and sanitation are mapped out.
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Notes
- 1.
This “list of water systems” is derived from a national survey (water register) of all WSPs covering all service levels in 2015. Data given as of 2013. NWRB gives the number of utilities providing level III services.
- 2.
Boracay, Subic Freeport, Clark, Baguio, Zamboanga, and Metro Manila .
- 3.
Listahang Tubig is an ongoing study and results may differ from month to month due to the number of samples already included and tabulated. Except for WD and private firms, data from other WSPs have yet to be validated. Data listed herein are as of Feb 2017.
- 4.
San Fernando, La Union; Baliwag, San Jose del Monte, and Meycauyan, Bulacan; Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija; Naga City, Camarines Sur, Dumaguete City, Bayawan, Negro Occidental: Cebu City; Malalag, Davao Sur; and five towns in Sarangani.
- 5.
One m3/day is sufficient for one household, hence a 30-m3/day facility can treat the sludge of 30–60 septic tanks daily, depending on the turnaround of the vacuum trucks.
- 6.
The storm drainage systems would also be used to convey sewage.
- 7.
Use of anaerobic baffled chamber to gravel filter? and wetlands.
- 8.
The proposed National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) (Tabios and Villaluna <Citationref RefID="CR17">2012</CitationRef>) is supposed to be mainly responsible for the management and protection of the country’s water resources for domestic water supply , sanitation, irrigation, hydropower , fisheries , aquaculture, flood control , navigation and recreation, including the enhancement and maintenance of water quality , conservation of watersheds , control of water pollution , and environmental restoration, without compromising the natural ecosystems’ functions and services.
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De Vera, A.R., Hall, R.A. (2018). Domestic Water Supply. In: Rola, A., Pulhin, J., Arcala Hall, R. (eds) Water Policy in the Philippines. Global Issues in Water Policy, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70969-7_4
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