Abstract
We know comparatively little about how people were persuaded to travel during the first half of the twentieth century. In this Introduction, Medcalf explores why this is so, what is currently known about railway advertising, what is lacking and why the subject is of interest to those beyond transport and business historians. The chapter introduces the reader to the intriguing world of the railway advertising department, announcing key characters, companies and techniques. It describes the source material on which the analysis throughout the book is based, and sets out the key questions answered in the core chapters.
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Notes
- 1.
Francis Brett Young, Portrait of Clare (London: William Heinemann, 1927), 570.
- 2.
Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space 1880–1918 (2nd edn., Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 5–9.
- 3.
Phillip Bagwell, The Transport Revolution (London: Routledge, 1988), 96–98.
- 4.
Jack Simmons, The Victorian Railway (London: Thames and Hudson, 1991), 102; Terry Gourvish, Mark Huish and the London and North Western Railway: A Study of Management (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1972), 29.
- 5.
Gourvish, Mark Huish and the London and North Western Railway, 260–67. See also Mike Savage, “Discipline, Surveillance and the ‘Career’: Employment on the Great Western Railway 1833–1914,” in Foucault, Management and Organisation Theory, ed. Alan McKinlay and Ken Starkey (London: Sage, 1998), 79–80; Geoffrey Channon, “The Business Morals of British Railway Companies in the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” Business and Economic History 28, no. 2 (1999): 76.
- 6.
Geoffrey Channon, Railways in Britain and The United States, 1830–1940: Studies in Economic and Business History (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 34; Terry Gourvish, Railways and the British Economy 1830–1914 (London: Macmillan, 1980), 47; R.J. Irving, “The Profitability and Performance of British Railways, 1870–1914,” Economic History Review 31, no. 1 (1978): 46–66.
- 7.
Harold Dyos and Derek Aldcroft, British Transport: An Economic Survey from the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969), 330.
- 8.
Wilson’s 1987 book Go Great Western represents the only comprehensive attempt to study the company’s advertising: Roger Wilson, Go Great Western: A History of GWR Publicity (Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1987).
- 9.
Wilson (Go Great Western, 19) claims that the department was formed in 1886, but a report into the department’s activities suggests that it was much earlier: The National Archives (TNA), RAIL 267/30, Report On Advertising Department For Half-Year 31st January 1876.
- 10.
Channon, Railways in Britain and the United States, 23–24.
- 11.
Peter Wardley, “The Emergence of Big Business: The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States c. 1907,” Business History 41, no.4 (1999): 102.
- 12.
Oswald Nock, The Great Western Railway in the Twentieth Century (London: Ian Allen, 1972), 9–23; Wilson, Go Great Western, 25.
- 13.
Geoffrey Channon, “The Great Western Railway Under the British Railways Act of 1921,” Business History Review 55, no. 2 (1981): 188–216.
- 14.
Colin Divall and George Revill, “Cultures of Transport: Representation, Practice and Technology,” The Journal of Transport History 26, no. 1 (2005): 99–112; Michael Freeman, Railways and the Victorian Imagination (London: Yale University Press, 1999), 237–39; Ian Carter, Railways and Culture in Britain: The Epitome of Modernity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001).
- 15.
David Smith, The Railway and Its Passengers: A Social History (Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1988); Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey; Malgorzata Nitka, Railway De-Familiarisation: The Rise of Passengerhood in the Nineteenth Century (Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu ĝląskiego, 2006); Ana Parejo Vadillo and John Plunkett, “The Railway Passenger; Or the Training of the Eye,” in The Railway and Modernity: Time, Space and the Machine Ensemble, ed. John Plunkett and Michael Freeman (Oxford: Peter Lang 2007), 45–68.
- 16.
Terence Nevett, Advertising in Britain: A History (London: Heinemann, 1982), 4–5; Elizabeth McFall, Advertising: A Cultural Economy (London: Sage, 2004), 155–56; Lori-Anne Loeb, Consuming Angels: Advertising and Victorian Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 5–7; Stefan Schwarzkopf, ‘Respectable Persuaders: The Advertising Industry and British Society, 1900–1939’ (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, 2008), 3–6; Thomas Richards, The Commodity Culture of Victorian England: Advertising and Spectacle, 1851–1914 (London: Verso, 1991), 5.
- 17.
T.A.B. Corley, “Consumer Marketing in Britain 1914–60,” Business History 29, no. 4 (1987): 65–70.
- 18.
Freeman, Railways and the Victorian Imagination, 217; Mark Casson, The World’s First Railway System: Enterprise, Competition and Regulation on the Railway Network in Victorian Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 309–10; George Dow, Railway Heraldry and Other Insignia (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1973).
- 19.
Bagwell, The Transport Revolution, 95; Terry Gourvish, “Railways 1830–70: The Formative Years,” in Transport in Victorian Britain, ed. Michael Freeman and Derek Aldcroft (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 73.
- 20.
Simmons, The Victorian Railway, 253–59; Smith, The Railway and Its Passengers, 155–61.
- 21.
Hiroki Shin, “The Art of Advertising Railways: Organisation and Coordination in Britain’s Railway Marketing, 1860–1910,” Business History 56, no. 2 (2014): 203.
- 22.
Matthew Hilton, Consumerism in Twentieth-Century Britain: The Search for a Historical Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); John Benson, The Rise of Consumer Society in Britain, 1880–1980 (London: Longman, 1994), 24–25; David Bell and Joanne Hollows, ed., Historicizing Lifestyle: Mediating Taste, Consumption and Identity from the 1900s to 1970s (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 2; Sue Bowden, “Consumption and Consumer Behaviour,” in A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain, ed. Chris Wrigley (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 358; David Cannadine, Class in Britain (London: Penguin, 2000), 128–29.
- 23.
Hilton, Consumerism in Twentieth-Century Britain, 4; Loeb, Consuming Angels, 4.
- 24.
Douglas Knoop, Outlines of Railway Economics (London: Macmillan, 1913), 235.
- 25.
Theories and development surrounding market segmentation were developed in the 1950s, one of the originators being Wendall Smith in his paper, “Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies,” The Journal of Marketing 21 (1956): 3–8.
- 26.
Stanley Hollander and Richard Germain, Was There a Pepsi Generation Before Pepsi Discovered It? Youth Based Segmentation in Marketing (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1992); Susan Strasser, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market (Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), 139–42; Matthew Hilton, “Advertising the Modernist Aesthetic of the Marketplace? The Cultural Relationship Between the Tobacco Manufacturer and the ‘Mass’ of Consumers in Britain, 1870–1940,” in Meanings of Modernity: Britain from the Late-Victorian Era to World War II, ed. Martin Daunton and Bernhard Rieger (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 47; Richard Germain, “Were Banks Marketing Themselves Well from a Segmentation Perspective Before the Emergence of Scientific Inquiry on Services Marketing?” Journal of Services Marketing 14, no. 1 (2000): 44–62.
- 27.
Phillip Kotler, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control (London: Prentice-Hall 1991), 279.
- 28.
D.L. LeMahieu, A Culture for Democracy: Mass Communication and the Cultivated Mind in Britain Between the Wars (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998), 160–67.
- 29.
Nevett, Advertising in Britain, 145.
- 30.
E. S. Turner, The Shocking History of Advertising (London: Michael Joseph, 1952), 166–225.
- 31.
Robert Fitzgerald, Rowntree and the Marketing Revolution, 1862–1969 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 10; Robert Fitzgerald, “Markets, Management, and Merger: John Mackintosh and Sons, 1890–1969,” The Business History Review 74, no. 4 (2000): 555–609.
- 32.
Stefan Schwarzkopf, “Discovering the Consumer: Market Research, Product Innovation, and the Creation of Brand Loyalty in Britain and the United States in the Interwar Years,” Journal of Macromarketing 29, no. 1 (2009): 8–9.
- 33.
Peter Scott and James Walker, ‘Advertising, promotion, and the competitive advantage of interwar British department stores’, Economic History Review, 63, no. 4 (2010), 1105–28; Peter Scott, “Mr Drage, Mr Everyman, and the creation of a mass market for domestic furniture in interwar Britain,” Economic History Review 62, no. 4 (2009): 802–27; Peter Scott and Lucy Ann Newton, “Advertising, promotion, and the rise of a national building society movement in interwar Britain,” Business History 54, no. 3 (2012); Michael Heller, “Corporate Brand Building: Shell-Mex Ltd. In the Interwar Period,” in Trademark, Branding and Competitiveness, ed. Teresa Da Silva Lopes and Paul Duguid (London: Routledge, 2010), 194–214.
- 34.
Nevett, Advertising in Britain, 159.
- 35.
Colin Divall and Hiroki Shin, “Cultures of Speed and Conservative Modernity: Representations of Speed in Britain’s Railway Marketing,” in Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails: Volume 2, ed. Benjamin Fraser and Steven Spalding (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2012), 3–24.
- 36.
D.C.H Watts, “Evaluating British Railway Poster Advertising: The London and North Eastern Railway Between the Wars,” Journal of Transport History 25, no. 2 (2004): 24.
- 37.
Ralph Harrington, “Beyond the Bathing Belle: Images of Women in Interwar Railway Publicity,” Journal of Transport History 25, no. 1 (2004): 23.
- 38.
John Hewitt, “Posters of Distinction: Art, Advertising and the London, Midland, and Scottish Railways,” Design Issues 16, no. 1 (2000): 31–32.
- 39.
Vicky Stretch, “Network Rail: Managing Railway Records in the Twenty First Century,” Business Archives 102 (2011): 49–50.
- 40.
Christian Barman, The Man Who Built London Transport: A Biography of Frank Pick (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1979), 1–9; Adrian Forty, Objects of Desire: Design and Society Since 1750 (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992), 230–37.
- 41.
Elspeth Brown, The Corporate Eye: Photography and the Rationalization of American Commercial Culture, 1884–1929 (Baltimore Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 162–68.
- 42.
Patricia Johnston, Real Fantasies: Edward Steichen’s Advertising Photography (London: Diane Pub Co, 1998), 3–4; Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 149–53; Brown, The Corporate Eye, 185.
- 43.
Robert Sobieszek, The Art of Persuasion: A History of Advertising Photography (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1988), 32.
- 44.
Sobieszek, The Art of Persuasion, 32–35.
- 45.
David Mellor, Germany, the New Photography, 1927–33: Documents and Essays (London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1978), 121–27.
- 46.
Mellor, Germany, the New Photography, 1927–33, 120.
- 47.
Paul Jobling, “‘Virility in Design’: Advertising Austin Reed and the ‘New Tailoring’ during the Interwar Period in Britain,” Fashion Theory 9, no. 1 (2005): 172–78.
- 48.
Stefan Schwarzkopf, “Creativity, Capital and Tacit Knowledge: the Crawford Agency and British Advertising in the Interwar Years,” Journal of Cultural Economy 1, no. 2 (2008): 193–94.
- 49.
John Hewitt and Helen Wilkinson, Selling the Image: The Work of Photographic Advertising Limited (Bradford: National Museum of Photography, Film and Television, 1996); Helen Wilkinson, “‘The New Heraldry’: Stock Photography, Visual Literacy, and Advertising in 1930s Britain,” Journal of Design History 10, no. 1 (1997), 23–38.
- 50.
Ed Bartholomew and Michael Blakemore, Railways in Focus: Photographs from the National Railway Museum Collections (Penryn: Atlantic Transport, 1998), 9–17.
- 51.
Bartholomew and Blakemore, Railways in Focus, 15. A detailed account of The Photochrom Company’s operation was given in The Railway Magazine. This article states that eight men were employed exclusively in obtaining pictures of pretty scenery and interesting objects adjacent to or actually situated at places served by the various railway companies. It had a holding stock of a quarter of a million views. D. T Timins, “Art on the Railway,” The Railway Magazine, May, 1900, 417–26.
- 52.
Bartholomew and Blakemore, Railways in Focus, 18.
- 53.
Bartholomew and Blakemore, Railways in Focus, 13–14.
- 54.
TNA, ZPER 38/6, Great Western Railway (London): Lecture and Debating Society Proceedings 1908–1909, meeting of 5th November 1908, ‘Experiences of a Railway Photographer’, 1–10.
- 55.
Bartholomew and Blakemore, Railways in Focus, 48.
- 56.
North Devon Journal, March 16, 1933, 6.
- 57.
On the development of guidebooks, see John Vaughan, The English Guidebook c.1780–1870: An Illustrated History (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1974).
- 58.
G. H. Martin, “Sir George Samuel Measom (1818–1901), and His Railway Guides,” in The Impact of the Railway on Society in Britain, ed. A.K.B. Evans and John Gough (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), 227.
- 59.
Tina Young Choi, “The Railway Guide’s Experiments in Cartography: Narrative, Information, Advertising,” Victorian Studies 57, no. 2 (2015): 255.
- 60.
Martin, “Sir George Samuel Measom (1818–1901), and His Railway Guides,” 229–32.
- 61.
Wilson provides outlines of how they fitted in with promotional policies.
- 62.
Alan Bennett, ‘The Great Western Railway and the Celebration of Englishness’, (Unpublished DPhil thesis, University of York, 2000), 1–9.
- 63.
Rudy Koshar, “‘What Ought to Be Seen’: Tourists’ Guidebooks and National Identities in Modern Germany and Europe,” Journal of Contemporary History 33, no. 3 (1998): 324; David Gilbert, “‘London in all its glory—or how to enjoy London’: guidebook representations of imperial London,” Journal of Historical Geography 25, no. 3 (1999): 281; Young Choi, “The Railway Guide’s Experiments in Cartography,” 253–54.
- 64.
This phrase appears in TNA RAIL 250/772: GWR Minutes and Reports 1936. An excellent overview of Holiday Haunts’ history appears in Wilson, Go Great Western, 104–21.
- 65.
Wilson, Go Great Western, 88–99.
- 66.
Holiday Haunts (London: Great Western Railway, 1906).
- 67.
John K. Walton, The British Seaside: Holidays and Resorts in the Twentieth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 54.
- 68.
Walton, Beside the Seaside, 56.
- 69.
Wilson, Go Great Western, 171–80.
- 70.
John Walton “The Seaside Resorts of England and Wales, 1900–1950: Growth, Diffusion and the Emergence of New Forms of Coastal Tourism,” in The Rise and Fall of British Coastal Resorts, ed. Allan Williams and Gareth Shaw (London: Pinter, 1997), 21–22; Walton, The British Seaside, 58–59.
- 71.
John Hassam, The Seaside, Health and the Environment in England and Wales Since 1800 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), 56.
- 72.
Olivia Jenkins, “Photography and Travel Brochures: The Circle of Representation,” Tourism Geographies 5, no. 3 (2003): 5; Stephen Page and Joanne Connell, Tourism: A Modern Synthesis (3rd edn., London: Cengage Learning, 2009), 363; Phillip Kotler, Donald Haider and Irving Rein, Marketing Places: Attracting Investment, Industry, and Tourism to Cities, States and Nations (New York: Free Press, 1993), 142–43.
- 73.
Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (London: Macmillan, 1976); Robert Shields, Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity (London: Routledge, 1991), 60.
- 74.
David Crouch and Nina Lübbren, ed., Visual Culture and Tourism (Oxford: Berg, 2003), 5; Hartmut Berghoff and Barbara Korte, “Britain and the Making of Modern Tourism an Interdisciplinary Approach,” in The Making of Modern Tourism: The Cultural History of the British Experience, 1600–2000, ed. Hartmut Berghoff (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002), 1–20.
- 75.
Crouch and Lübbren, Visual Culture and Tourism, 1; Carol Crawshaw and John Urry, “Tourism and the Photographic Eye,” in Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory, ed. Chris Rojek and John Urry (London: Routledge, 2004), 176.
- 76.
John Urry and Jonas Larsen, The Tourist Gaze 3.0 (3rd ed., London: SAGE, 2011).
- 77.
Watts, “Evaluating British Railway Poster Advertising,” 28–32.
- 78.
John Walton, ed., Histories of Tourism: Representation, Identity and Conflict (Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 2005), 6; Hassam, The Seaside, Health and the Environment in England and Wales Since 1800, 57.
- 79.
How such places were presented provides further examples of creating imagery for distinct markets, and information on this can be found in Bennett’s thesis; Bennett, ‘The Great Western Railway and The Celebration of Englishness’.
Bibliography
Unpublished Archival Sources
The National Archives (TNA), RAIL 267/30, Report on Advertising Department for Half-Year 31st January 1876.
TNA, ZPER 38/6, Great Western Railway (London): Lecture and Debating Society Proceedings 1908–1909.
TNA RAIL 250/772: GWR Minutes and Reports 1936.
Sales Publications and Guidebooks
Holiday Haunts. London: Great Western Railway, multiple editions.
Printed Books
Brett Young, Francis. Portrait of Clare. London: William Heinemann, 1927.
Periodicals and Newspapers
Great Western Railway Magazine
North Devon Journal
Books and Journal Articles
Bagwell, Phillip. The Transport Revolution. London: Routledge, 1988.
Barman, Christian. The Man Who Built London Transport: A Biography of Frank Pick. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1979.
Bartholomew, Ed, and Michael Blakemore. Railways in Focus: Photographs from the National Railway Museum Collections. Penryn: Atlantic Transport, 1998.
Bell, David, and Joanne Hollows (eds.). Historicizing Lifestyle: Mediating Taste, Consumption and Identity from the 1900s to 1970s. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.
Benson, John. The Rise of Consumer Society in Britain, 1880–1980. London: Longman, 1994.
Berghoff, Hartmut, and Barbara Korte. “Britain and the Making of Modern Tourism an Interdisciplinary Approach.” In The Making of Modern Tourism: The Cultural History of the British Experience, 1600–2000, edited by Hartmut Berghoff, 1–20. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002.
Bowden, Sue. “Consumption and Consumer Behaviour.” In A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain, edited by Chris Wrigley, 353–72. Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2003.
Brown, Elspeth. The Corporate Eye: Photography and the Rationalization of American Commercial Culture, 1884–1929. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
Cannadine, David. Class in Britain. London: Penguin, 2000.
Carter, Ian. Railways and Culture in Britain: The Epitome of Modernity. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.
Casson, Mark. The World’s First Railway System: Enterprise, Competition and Regulation on the Railway Network in Victorian Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Channon, Geoffrey. “The Business Morals of British Railway Companies in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Business and Economic History 28, no. 2 (1999): 60–79.
———. Railways in Britain and The United States, 1830–1940: Studies in Economic and Business History. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.
Corley, T.A.B. “Consumer Marketing in Britain 1914–60.” Business History 29, no. 4 (1987): 65–83.
Crawshaw, Carol, and John Urry. “Tourism and the Photographic Eye.” In Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory, edited by Chris Rojek and John Urry, 176–95. London: Routledge, 2004.
Crouch, David, and Nina Lübbren (eds.). Visual Culture and Tourism. Oxford: Berg, 2003.
Divall, Colin, and Hiroki Shin. “Cultures of Speed and Conservative Modernity: Representations of Speed in Britain’s Railway Marketing.” In Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails: Volume 2, edited by Benjamin Fraser and Steven Spalding, 3–26. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2012.
———, and George Revill. “Cultures of Transport: Representation, Practice and Technology.” The Journal of Transport History 26, no. 1 (2005): 99–112.
Dow, George. Railway Heraldry and Other Insignia. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1973.
Dyos, Harold, and Derek Aldcroft. British Transport: An Economic Survey from the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969.
Fitzgerald, Robert. Rowntree and the Marketing Revolution, 1862–1969. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Forty, Adrian. Objects of Desire: Design and Society Since 1750. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992.
Freeman, Michael. Railways and the Victorian Imagination. London: Yale University Press, 1999.
Germain, Richard. “Were Banks Marketing Themselves Well from a Segmentation Perspective Before the Emergence of Scientific Inquiry on Services Marketing?” Journal of Services Marketing 14, no. 1 (2000): 44–62.
Gilbert, David. “‘London in All Its Glory—or How to Enjoy London’: Guidebook Representations of Imperial London.” Journal of Historical Geography 25, no. 3 (1999): 279–97.
Gourvish, Terry. Mark Huish and the London and North Western Railway: A Study of Management. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1972.
———. Railways and the British Economy 1830–1914. London: Macmillan, 1980.
———. “Railways 1830–70: The Formative Years.” In Transport in Victorian Britain, edited by Michael Freeman and Derek Aldcroft, 57–92. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988.
Harrington, Ralph. “Beyond the Bathing Belle: Images of Women in Interwar Railway Publicity.” Journal of Transport History 25, no. 1 (2004): 22–44.
Hassam, John. The Seaside, Health and the Environment in England and Wales Since 1800. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
Heller, Michael. “Corporate Brand Building: Shell-Mex Ltd.” In The Interwar Period.” In Trademarks, Branding and Competitiveness, edited by Teresa Da Silva Lopes and Paul Duguid, 194–214. New York, 2010.
Hewitt, John. “Posters of Distinction: Art, Advertising and the London, Midland, and Scottish Railways.” Design Issues 16, no. 1 (2000): 16–35.
———, and Helen Wilkinson. Selling the Image: The Work of Photographic Advertising Limited. Bradford: National Museum of Photography, Film and Television, 1996.
Hilton, Matthew. “Advertising the Modernist Aesthetic of the Marketplace? The Cultural Relationship Between the Tobacco Manufacturer and the ‘Mass’ of Consumers in Britain, 1870–1940.” In Meanings of Modernity: Britain from the Late-Victorian Era to World War II, edited by Martin Daunton and Bernhard Rieger, 45–70. Oxford: Berg, 2001.
———. Consumerism in Twentieth-Century Britain: The Search for a Historical Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Hollander, Stanley, and Richard Germain. Was There a Pepsi Generation Before Pepsi Discovered It? Youth Based Segmentation in Marketing. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1992.
Irving, R.J. “The Profitability and Performance of British Railways, 1870–1914.” Economic History Review 31, no. 1 (1978): 46–66.
Jenkins, Olivia. “Photography and Travel Brochures: The Circle of Representation.” Tourism Geographies 5, no. 3 (2003): 305–28.
Jobling, Paul. “‘Virility in Design’: Advertising Austin Reed and the ‘New Tailoring’ During the Interwar Period in Britain.” Fashion Theory 9, no. 1 (2005): 57–83.
Johnston, Patricia. Real Fantasies: Edward Steichen’s Advertising Photography. London: Diane Pub Co, 1998.
Kern, Stephen. The Culture of Time and Space 1880–1918. 2nd edn, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Knoop, Douglas. Outlines of Railway Economics. London: Macmillan, 1913.
Koshar, Rudy. “‘What Ought to Be Seen’: Tourists’ Guidebooks and National Identities in Modern Germany and Europe.” Journal of Contemporary History 33, no. 3 (1998): 323–40.
Kotler, Phillip, Donald Haider and Irving Rein. Marketing Places: Attracting Investment, Industry, and Tourism to Cities, States and Nations. New York: Free Press, 1993.
———. Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control. London: Prentice-Hall 1991.
LeMahieu, D.L. A Culture for Democracy: Mass Communication and the Cultivated Mind in Britain Between the Wars. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.
Loeb, Lori-Anne. Consuming Angels: Advertising and Victorian Women. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
MacCannell, Dean. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. London: Macmillan, 1976.
Marchand, Roland. Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Martin, G.H. “Sir George Samuel Measom (181–1901), and His Railway Guides.” In The Impact of the Railway on Society in Britain, edited by A.K.B. Evans and John Gough, 225–40. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
McFall, Elizabeth. Advertising: A Cultural Economy. London: Sage, 2004.
Nevett, Terence. Advertising in Britain: A History. London: Heinemann, 1982.
Nitka, Malgorzata. Railway De-familiarisation: The Rise of Passengerhood in the Nineteenth Century. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu ĝląskiego, 2006.
Nock, Oswald. The Great Western Railway in the Twentieth Century. London: Ian Allen, 1972.
Page, Stephen, and Joanne Connell. Tourism: A Modern Synthesis. 3rd edn, London: Cengage Learning, 2009.
Parejo Vadillo, Ana, and John Plunkett. “The Railway Passenger; or the Training of the Eye.” In The Railway and Modernity: Time, Space and the Machine Ensemble, edited by John Plunkett and Michael Freeman, 45–68. Oxford: Peter Lang 2007.
Richards, Thomas. The Commodity Culture of Victorian England: Advertising and Spectacle, 1851–1914. London: Verso, 1991.
Savage, Mike. “Discipline, Surveillance and the ‘Career’: Employment on the Great Western Railway 1833–1914.” In Foucault, Management and Organisation Theory, edited by Alan McKinlay and Ken Starkey, 65–92. London: Sage, 1998.
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Schwarzkopf, Stefan. “Creativity, Capital and Tacit Knowledge: The Crawford Agency and British Advertising in the Interwar Years.” Journal of Cultural Economy 1, no. 2 (2008): 181–97.
———. “Discovering the Consumer: Market Research, Product Innovation, and the Creation of Brand Loyalty in Britain and the United States in the Interwar Years.” Journal of Macromarketing 29, no. 1 (2009): 8–20.
Scott, Peter, and James Walker. “Advertising, Promotion, and the Competitive Advantage of Interwar British Department Stores.” Economic History Review 63, no. 4 (2010): 1105– 28.
———, and Lucy Ann Newton. “Advertising, Promotion, and the Rise of a National Building Society Movement in Interwar Britain.” Business History 54, no. 3 (2012): 399–423.
Scott, Peter. “Mr Drage, Mr Everyman, and the Creation of a Mass Market for Domestic Furniture in Interwar Britain.” Economic History Review 62, no. 4 (2009): 802–27.
Shields, Robert. Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity. London: Routledge, 1991.
Shin, Hiroki. “The Art of Advertising Railways: Organisation and Coordination in Britain’s Railway Marketing, 1860–1910.” Business History 56, no. 2 (2014): 187–213.
Simmons, Jack. The Victorian Railway. London: Thames and Hudson, 1991.
Smith, David. The Railway and Its Passengers: A Social History. Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1988.
Smith, Wendall. “Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies.” The Journal of Marketing 21 (1956): 3–8.
Sobieszek, Robert. The Art of Persuasion: A History of Advertising Photography. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1988.
Strasser, Susan. Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.
Stretch, Vicky. “Network Rail: Managing Railway Records in the Twenty First Century.” Business Archives 102 (2011): 39–55.
Turner, E.S. The Shocking History of Advertising. London: Michael Joseph, 1952.
Urry, John, and Jonas Larsen. The Tourist Gaze 3.0. 3rd edn, London: SAGE, 2011.
Vaughan, John. The English Guidebook c.1780–1870: An Illustrated History. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1974.
Walton, John K. “The Seaside Resorts of England and Wales, 1900–1950: Growth, Diffusion and the Emergence of New Forms of Coastal Tourism.” In The Rise and Fall of British Coastal Resorts, edited by Allan Williams and Gareth Shaw, 21–48. London: Pinter, 1997.
———. The British Seaside: Holidays and Resorts in the Twentieth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
——— (ed.). Histories of Tourism: Representation, Identity and Conflict. Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 2005.
Wardley, Peter. “The Emergence of Big Business: The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States c. 1907.” Business History 41, no. 4 (1999): 88–116.
Watts, D.C.H. “Evaluating British Railway Poster Advertising: The London and North Eastern Railway Between the Wars.” Journal of Transport History 25, no. 2 (2004): 23–56.
Wilkinson, Helen. “‘The New Heraldry’: Stock Photography, Visual Literacy, and Advertising in 1930s Britain.” Journal of Design History 10, no. 1 (1997): 23–38.
Wilson, Roger. Go Great Western: A History of GWR Publicity. Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1987.
Young Choi, Tina. “The Railway Guide’s Experiments in Cartography: Narrative, Information, Advertising.” Victorian Studies 57, no. 2 (2015): 251–83.
Unpublished Works: Theses
Bennett, Alan. ‘The Great Western Railway and The Celebration of Englishness’, Unpublished DPhil thesis, University of York, (2000).
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Medcalf, A. (2018). Introduction. In: Railway Photographic Advertising in Britain, 1900-1939. Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70857-7_1
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