Abstract
In order to elucidate the extent to which KBR and its subcontractors are involved in human trafficking and forced labor in Iraq, this chapter elaborates on the situation of Third Country Nationals (TCNs) and on documented cases of TCN trafficking and forced labor by KBR subcontractors and their subcontractors. Firstly, internationally recognized definitions of the crimes of human trafficking and forced labor will be given, and the potential accommodation of these crimes under the concept of international crimes will be elucidated. Subsequently, an in-depth description of the situation of TCNs in Iraq, including typical backgrounds and profiles of TCNs, the recruiting process, as well as usual living and working conditions will be given followed by a presentation of some of the most well-reported cases of TCN trafficking and forced labor in Iraq.
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Notes
- 1.
The term “coercion” explicitly includes forms of nonviolent coercion, such as creating an environment of fear and intimidation preventing workers from leaving exploitative working situations (ACLU & Yale Law School, 2012). See 22 US Code §7102 (3).
- 2.
There is no publicly available data concerning demographic details of TCNs. However, the listed countries are most frequently reported as TCN home countries.
- 3.
For further elaboration on the legal framework surrounding the case, see Sect. 3.4 of this thesis.
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Cole, C., Vermeltfoort, R. (2018). Human Trafficking and Forced Labor of TCNs in Iraq. In: U.S. Government Contractors and Human Trafficking. SpringerBriefs in Criminology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70827-0_3
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