Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Affect

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Psychology of User Experience

Part of the book series: Human–Computer Interaction Series ((HCIS))

  • 3109 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses our affective relationships with digital technology. These are regarded by some to be most important aspect of any experience and have been described as, “the most central and pervasive aspects of human experience” (Ortony et al. 1988, p. 3). Despite this, affect barely receives any attention in the definitions of UX.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This universality has been challenged by a number of researchers. Prinz (2004), for example, writes that emotions vary across borders, and quoting other authors he notes that in Inuit culture, for example, signs of anger are rarely seen and that the Malay language has no exact synonym for “anger.” He also asks us to consider the Japanese term amae, which is an indulgent feeling of dependency, akin to what a child feels towards a mother. Westerners may recognize something like amae in children but they rarely attribute anything of that kind to adults. Japanese also has a term oime for a feeling of indebtedness and fureai, which refers to a feeling of connectedness. For Prinz, emotions appear to be less like biological universals and more like “enculturated scripts”. A further example is from Lutz (1998) In her Unnatural Emotions. She claims that for groups in the South Pacific, emotional experience is not “pre-cultural, but pre-eminently cultural.” She writes, “the concepts of emotion can more profitably be viewed as serving complex communicative, moral, and cultural purposes rather than simply as labels for internal states whose nature or essence is presumed to be universal. … The complex meaning of each emotion word is the result of the important role those words play in articulating the full range of a people’s cultural values, social relations, and economic circumstances. Talk about emotions is simultaneously talk about society—about power and politics, about kinship and marriage, about normality and deviance …” (pp. 5–6).

  2. 2.

    In an interesting footnote to attachment research, Hong and Townes (1976) conducted a cross-cultural study which investigated the incidence and characteristics of infants’ attachment to inanimate objects with specific reference to (local) child-rearing practices. They concluded that attachment to an inanimate object does indeed appear to be closely associated with child-rearing practices. They suggest that the occurrence of infant attachment to inanimate objects is lower in cultures in which infants receive a greater amount of physical contact, including a higher rate of breast feeding. These findings indicate that emotional attachment may be formed to inanimate objects in lieu of physical contact, which is relevant to smartphone technology: a smartphone is a device that can enable social interaction without a physical connection to another person.

  3. 3.

    Ensoulment signifies the properties of ‘well-loved’ designs that embody meaning and reflect their owner’s identities and values (Blevis 2007). Ensoulment or attachment may be viewed, inter alia, as a consequence of personalisation or enchantment, is likely to encourage the preservation of an object even though it is no longer up-to-date or even useful and may lead to an artefact acquiring “heirloom status” (Blevis 2007).

  4. 4.

    We should also recognise the recent interest in gamification. Deterding et al. (2011) tell us that “gamification” originated in the digital media industry with a first usage dating from 2008. Gamification is a poorly defined term but among its many usages, it refers to using game-like features to non-gaming digital environment for the purposes of motivation. So, for example, the language learning platform—duolingo (https://www.duolingo.com/)—has a gamified user interface. Duolingo employs daily email reminders, a within-learning environment “currency” which can be earned and then used to buy access to extra features. It has challenges and a learner can “gamble” with their currency. Gamification is proving popular in the design of educational software and has been proposed, like so many ideas before it, as a potential solution to the perennial problems of getting young people to engage with boring education. It is not clear whether gamification offers emotional experiences or is a smart re-invention of “token economies”.

  5. 5.

    GOMS is the best known of the modelling techniques created to predict human performance (John and Kieras 1996). John (2003) describes the GOMS family as consisting of ideas for analysing and representing tasks in a way that is related to the stage model of human information processing (italics in the original). The components of GOMS are: goals—operators—methods and selection. A GOMS analysis begins with the user’s goals and identifying the necessary operators and methods he or she will need to employ to accomplish those goals. On those occasions when there is more than one possible means of achieving a goal, a selection rule is applied.

References

  • Aaker JL (1997) Dimensions of brand personality. J Mark Res 34(3):347–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson CA, Bushman BJ (2002) Human aggression. Annu Rev Psychol 53:27–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold MB (1960) Emotion and personality. Vol. I: Psychological aspects; Vol. II: Neurological and physiological aspects. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnould EJ, Price LL (1993) River magic: extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. J Consum Res 20(1):24–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballew CC II, Todorov A (2007) Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments. PNAS 104(46):17948–17953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura A, Walters RH (1963) Social learning and personality development

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura A, Ross D, Ross SA (1961) Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 63:575–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bard P, Rioch DM (1937) A study of four cats deprived of neocortex and additional portions of the forebrain. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 60:73–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartneck C (2002) Integrating the OCC model of emotions in embodied characters. In: Workshop on virtual conversational characters, pp 39–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartneck C, Forlizzi J (2004) A design-centred framework for social human-robot interaction. In: 13th IEEE international workshop on robot and human interactive communication, 2004. ROMAN 2004. IEEE, pp 591–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Basso A, Goldberg D, Greenspan S, Weimer D (2001) First impressions: emotional and cognitive factors underlying judgments of trust in e-commerce. In: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on electronic commerce. ACM Press, New York, pp 143–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H, Damasio AR (1996) Failure to respond autonomically to anticipated future outcomes following damage to prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 6(2):215–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR (2005) The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: some questions and answers. Trends Cogn Sci 9(4):159–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett J (2001) The enchantment of modern life: attachments, crossings, and ethics. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Berry DS (2000) Attractiveness, attraction, and sexual selection: evolutionary perspectives on the form and function of physical attractiveness. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 32:273–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billieux J, Philippot P, Schmid C, Maurage P, De Mol J, Van der Linden M (2015) Is dysfunctional use of the mobile phone a behavioural addiction? confronting symptom-based versus process-based approaches. Clin Psychol Psychother 22(5):460–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blevis E (2007) Sustainable interaction design: invention & disposal, renewal & reuse. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, San Jose, California, USA, 28 April–3 May 2007. ACM Press, New York, pp 503–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Boehner K, DePaula R, Dourish P, Sengers P (2007) How emotion is made and measured. Int J Hum Comput Stud 65(4):275–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollnow OF (2011) Human space (trans: Shuttleworth C). Hyphen Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkenau P, Brecke S, Möttig C, Paelecke M (2009) Extraversion is accurately perceived after a 50-ms exposure to a face. J Res Pers 43:703–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen (n.d.) https://www.bowenresearch.com/studies.php

  • Bowlby J (1969) Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley MM, Lang PJ (1994) Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 25(1):49–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruner J (1966) Toward a theory of instruction. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674897007

    Google Scholar 

  • Burroughs WJ, Drews DR, Hallman WK (1991) Predicting personality from personal posessions: a self-presentational analysis. J Soc Behav Pers 6(6):147

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushman BJ, Gibson B (2010) Violent digital games cause an increase in aggression long after the game has been turned off. Soc Psychol Pers Sci 2(1):29–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon WB (1927) The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. Am J Psychol 39(1/4):106–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson RA (1997) Experienced cognition. Psychology Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Colombetti G, Thompson E (2008) The feeling body: towards an enactive approach to emotion

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyne R (2016) Mood and mobility. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuddy AJC, Fiske ST, Glick P (2008) Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: the stereotype content model and the BIAS map. In: Zanna MP (ed) Advances in experimental social psychology, vol 40. Academic Press, New York, pp 61–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham MR (1986) Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: quasi-experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty. J Pers Soc Psychol 50:925–935

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio A (1994) Descartes’ error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. Putnam Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio AR (1998) Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system. Brain Res Rev 26(2):83–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C (1872/1965) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago University Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • De Gelder B, Hortensius R, Tamietto M (2012) Attention and awareness each influence amygdala activity for dynamic bodily expressions—a short review. Front Integr Neurosc 6:54

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmet P (2002) Designing emotions. Department of Industrial Design, Delft University of Technology

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmet P, Hekkert P (2007) Framework of product experience. Int J Des 1(1):57–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Deterding S, Dixon D, Khaled R, Nacke L (2011) From game design elements to gamefulness: defining gamification. In: Proceedings of the 15th international academic MindTrek conference: envisioning future media environments. ACM, pp 9–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey J (1934/1980) Art as experience. Perigee Books, New York (reprint)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick PK (1968) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Ballantine Books, New York. ISBN 0-345-40447-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Donato G, Bartlett MS, Hager JC, Ekman P, Sejnowski TJ (1999) Classifying facial actions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 21(10):974–989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downing G (2000) Emotion theory reconsidered. In: Wrathall M, Malpas J (eds) Heidegger, coping and cognitive science, vol 2. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 245–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfus HL (1991) Being-in-the-world: a Commentary on Heidegger’s Being and Time, Division 1. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn BD, Dalgleish T, Lawrence AD (2006) The somatic marker hypothesis: a critical evaluation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30(2):239–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eastin MS (2007) The influence of competitive and cooperative group game play on state hostility. Hum Commun Res 33(4):450–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Efran MG (1974) The effects of physical attractiveness on judgments in a simulated jury task. J Res Pers 8:45–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman P, Friesen WV, Ellsworth P (1972) Emotion in the human face: guidelines for research and an integration of findings. Pergamon

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman P, Friesen WV, Ellsworth P (2013) Emotion in the human face: guidelines for research and an integration of findings. Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Elson M, Ferguson CJ (2013) Twenty-five years of research on violence in digital games and aggression. Eur Psychol 19(1):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans D (2002) Emotion: the science of sentiment. Oxford University Press, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantasia V, De Jaegher H, Fasulo A (2014) We can work it out: an enactive look at cooperation. Front Psychol 5:874. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00874

  • Ferguson CJ (2007) Evidence for publication bias in digital game violence effects literature: a meta-analytic review. Aggress Violent Beh 12(4):470–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson CJ, Rueda SM, Cruz AM, Ferguson DE, Fritz S, Smith SM (2008) Violent digital games and aggression: causal relationship or byproduct of family violence and intrinsic violence motivation? Crim Justice Behav 35(3):311–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forgas JP (2011) She just doesn’t look like a philosopher…? Affective influences on the halo effect in impression formation. Eur J Soc Psychol 41(7):812–817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forgas JP, O’Connor KV, Morris SL (1983) Smile and punishment: the effects of facial expression on responsibility attribution by groups and individuals. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 9(4):587–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier S (1998) Consumers and their brands: developing relationship theory in consumer research. J Consum Res 24(4):343–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friesen WV (1972) Cultural differences in facial expressions in a social situation: an experimental test of the concept of display rules. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda NH (1986) The emotions. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda NH (1987) Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cogn Emot 1(2):115–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frijda NH (2007) The laws of emotion. Erlbaum, Mahwah

    Google Scholar 

  • Ge X, Ifenthaler D (2017) Designing engaging educational games and assessing engagement in game-based learning. In: Handbook of research on serious games for educational applications. IGI Global, pp 253–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Goleman D (1996) Emotional intelligence: why it can matter more than IQ. Bantam Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling SD, Ko SJ, Mannarelli T, Morris ME (2002) A room with a cue: personality judgments based on offices and bedrooms. J Pers Soc Psychol 82(3):379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govers PCM (2004) Product personality Delft University of Technology, Delft

    Google Scholar 

  • Govers PC, Schoormans JP (2005) Product personality and its influence on consumer preference. J Consum Mark 22(4):189–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong KM, Townes BD (1976) Infants’ attachment to inanimate objects: a cross-cultural study. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 15(1):49–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde MJ, Smith CR (1993) Aristotle and Heidegger on emotion and rhetoric. In: Angus IH, Langsdorf L (eds) The critical turn: rhetoric and philosophy in postmodern discourse. SIU Press, pp 68–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Isbister K (2016) How games move us: emotion by design. MIT Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Isomursu M, Tähti M, Väinämö S, Kuutti K (2007) Experimental evaluation of five methods for collecting emotions in field settings with mobile applications. Int J Hum Comput Stud 65(4):404–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James W (1884) What is an emotion? Mind 9(34):188–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • John BE (2003) Information processing and skilled behaviour. In: Carroll JM (ed) HCI models, theories and frameworks. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • John BE, Kieras DE (1996) The GOMS family of user interface analysis techniques: comparison and contrast. ACM Trans Comput-Hum Interact (TOCHI) 3(4):320–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan PW (1997) Putting the pleasure into products. IEE Review 43(6):249–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemper TD (1987) How many emotions are there? Wedding the social and the autonomic components. Am J Sociol 93(2):263–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleine SS, Baker SM (2004) An integrative review of material possession attachment. Acad Mark Sci Rev (1). Available at http://www.amsreview.org/articles/kleine01-2004.pdf

  • Kleine SS, Kleine RE III, Allen CT (1995) How is a possession “me” or “not me”? Characterizing types and an antecedent of material possession attachment. J Consum Res 22(3):327–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konok V, Gigler D, Bereczky BM, Miklósi Á (2016) Humans’ attachment to their mobile phones and its relationship with interpersonal attachment style. Comput Hum Behav 61:537–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konok V, Pogány Á, Miklósi Á (2017) Mobile attachment: separation from the mobile phone induces physiological and behavioural stress and attentional bias to separation-related stimuli. Comput Hum Behav 71:228–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laird JD (1974) Self-attribution of emotion: the effects of expressive behavior on the quality of emotional experience. J Pers Soc Psychol 29(4):475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson JF (2016) Review of Man(dis)connected: how technology has sabotaged what it means to be male, by Philip Zimbardo and Nikita D. Coulombe. Psychol Sex 7(4):297–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus RS (1991) Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Leder H, Nadal M (2014) Ten years of a model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments: the aesthetic episode—developments and challenges in empirical aesthetics. Br J Psychol 105(4):443–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux J (1996) The emotional brain: the mysterious underpinnings of emotional life

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee H, Cho CH (2017) An application of brand personality to advergames: the effect of company attributes on advergame personality. Comput Hum Behav 69:235–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin J-H (2013) Do digital games exert stronger effects on aggression than film? The role of media interactivity and identification on the association of violent content and aggressive outcomes. Comput Hum Behav 29:535–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgaard G, Fernandes G, Dudek C, Brown J (2006) Attention web designers: you have 50 milliseconds to make a good first impression! Behav inf Technol 25(2):115–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Low S, Altman I (1992) Place attachment: a conceptual Inquiry. In: Althman I, Low S (eds) Place attachment. Plenum, New York

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz C (1998) Unnatural emotions: everyday sentiments on a micronesian atoll and their challenge to western theory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean PD (1949) Psychosomatic disease and the” visceral brain”: recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosom Med 11(6):338–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLean PD (1990) The triune brain in evolution: role in paleocerebral functions. Springer Science & Business Media

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahlke S, Thüring M (2007) Studying antecedents of emotional experiences in interactive contexts. In: Proceedings of CHI ’07. ACM, pp 915–918

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra NK (1988) Self-concept and product choice: an integrated perspective. J Econ Psychol 9(1):1–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maturana R, Varela F (1972) Autopoiesis and cognition (with preface by Sir Stafford Beer). D. Reidel Publishing Company (Holland, USA, England)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maturana HR, Varela FJ (1991) Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living, vol 42. Springer Science & Business Media

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss IB, Robinson MD (2009) Measures of emotion: a review. Cogn Emot 23(2):209–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy J, Wright P, Wallace J, Dearden AM (2005) The experience of enchantment in human-computer interaction. Pers Ubiquit Comput 6:369–378

    Google Scholar 

  • McGonigal J (2011) Reality is broken. Jonathan Cape

    Google Scholar 

  • McGonigal J (2016) SuperBetter: how a gameful life can make you stronger, happier, braver and more resilient. HarperCollins, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Meschtscherjakov A (2009) Mobile attachment—emotional attachment towards mobile devices and services. In: Proceedings of the international conference on human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services. ACM, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Meschtscherjakov A, Wilfinger D, Tscheligi M (2014) Mobile attachment causes and consequences for emotional bonding with mobile phones. In: Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, pp 2317–2326

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman DA (2004) Emotional Design: why we love or hate everyday objects. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman DA, Draper SW (1986) User centred system design. New perspectives on human-computer interaction. L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman DA, Ortony A (2003) Designers and users: two perspectives on emotion and design. In: Proceedings of the symposium on foundations of interaction design at the Interaction Design Institute, Ivrea, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatley K (1992) Best laid schemes: the psychology of emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatley K, Johnson-Laird PN (1987) Towards a cognitive account of emotions. Cogn Emot 1:29–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oatley K, Johnson-Laird PN (2014) Cognitive approaches to emotions. Trends Cogn Sci 18(3):134–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odom W, Pierce J (2009) Improving with age: designing enduring interactive products. In: Extended abstracts of CHI ’09. ACM Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Odom W, Pierce J, Stolterman E, Blevis E (2009) Understanding why we preserve some things and discard others in the context of interaction design. In: Proceedings of CHI ’09. ACM Press, New York, pp 53–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortony A, Turner TJ (1990) What’s basic about basic emotions? Psychol Rev 97(3):315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortony A, Clore GL, Collins A (1988) The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Panksepp J (1982) Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behav Brain Sci 5(3):407–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papez JW (1937) A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 38(4):725–743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pessoa L (2008) On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 9(2):148–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Picard RW (1997) Affective computing. The MIT Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Plutchik R (1980) Emotion: a psychoevolutionary synthesis. Harper & Row

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinz J (2004) Gut reactions: a perceptual theory of emotion. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe M (2008) Feelings of being: phenomenology, psychiatry and the sense of reality. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reisenzein R (2006) Arnold’s theory of emotion in historical perspective. Cogn Emot 20(7):920–951

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig P (2007) Misunderstanding the nature of company performance: the halo effect and other business delusions. Calif Manag Rev 49(4):6–20

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Rule NO, Ambady N (2008) Brief exposures: male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50 ms. J Exp Soc Psychol 44:1100–1105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA (1980) A circumplex model of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol 39:1161–1178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA (1989) Measures of emotion. In: Plutchik R, Kellerman H (eds) Emotion: theory, research, and experience, vol 4. Academic Press, Toronto, pp 83–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA (1996) Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA (2003) Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychol Rev 110(1):145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA (2009) Emotion, core affect, and psychological construction. Cogn Emot 23(7):1259–1283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA, Mehrabian A (1977) Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. J Res Pers 11(3):273–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russo SJ, Nestler EJ (2013) The brain reward circuitry in mood disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 14(9):609–625

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanacora G, Frye MA, McDonald W, Mathew SJ, Turner MS, Schatzberg AF, Summergrad P, Nemeroff CB (2017) A consensus statement on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders. JAMA psychiatry 74(4):399–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachter S, Singer JE (2001) Cognitive, social and psychological determinants of emotional state. In: Parrott WG (ed) Emotions in social psychology. Psychology Press, Philadelphia, pp 76–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer KR (2004) Feelings integrate the central representation of appraisal-driven response organization in emotion. In: Manstead ASR, Frijda NH, Fischer AH (eds) Feelings and emotions: the Amsterdam symposium. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 136–157

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer KR, Schorr A, Johnstone T (eds) (2001) Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research. Oxford University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle JR (1983) Intentionality: an essay in the philosophy of mind. Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirgy MJ (1982) Self-concept in consumer behavior: a critical review. J Consum Res 9(3):287–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirgy MJ (1985) Using self-congruity and ideal congruity to predict purchase motivation. J Bus Res 13(3):195–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith A (1759/2010) The theory of moral sentiments. Penguin

    Google Scholar 

  • Sritharan R, Heilpern K, Wilbur CJ, Gawronski B (2010) I think I like you: spontaneous and deliberate evaluations of potential romantic partners in an online dating context. Eur J Soc Psychol 40(6):1062–1077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart J, Stewart JR, Gapenne O, Di Paolo EA (eds) (2010) Enaction: toward a new paradigm for cognitive science. MIT Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Strack F, Martin LL, Stepper S (1988) Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol 54:768–777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suits B (2014) The grasshopper: games, life, and Utopia, 3rd edn. Broadview Press, Peterborough

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvester T (2013) Designing games: a guide to engineering experiences. O’Reilly Media, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson E (2010) Mind in life: biology, phenomenology, and the sciences of mind. Harvard University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson M (2006) Human brands: investigating antecedents to consumers’ strong attachments to celebrities. J Mark 70(3):104–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson M, MacInnis DJ, Park CW (2005) The ties that bind: measuring the strength of consumers’ emotional attachments to brands. J Consum Psychol 15(1):77–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike EL (1920) The constant error in psychological ratings. J Appl Psychol 4:25–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner P, Turner S (2011) My grandfather’s iPod: an investigation of emotional attachment to digital and non-digital artefacts. In: Proceedings of the 29th annual european conference on cognitive ergonomics. ACM, pp 149–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner P, Turner S (2013) Emotional and aesthetic attachment to digital artefacts. Cogn Technol Work 15(4):403–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varela FJ, Thompson E, Rosch E (1991) The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallendorf M, Arnould EJ (1988) “My favorite things”: a cross-cultural inquiry into object attachment, possessiveness, and social linkage. J Consum Res 14(4):531–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis J, Todorov A (2006) First impressions making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychol Sci 17(7):592–598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson PR (1968) The perceptual distortion of height as a function of ascribed academic status. J Soc Psychol 74:97–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winograd T, Flores F (1986) Understanding computers and cognition: a new foundation for design. Ablex, Norwood

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Wundt WM (1897) Outlines of psychology (trans: Hubbard Judd C). Available from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Wundt/Outlines/sec15.htm. Last retrieved 29 Aug 2017

  • Zajonc RB (1980) Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences. Am Psychol 35(2):15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimbardo P, Coulombe ND (2015) Man (dis)connected: how technology has sabotaged what it means to be male. London, Rider

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK

    Phil Turner

Authors
  1. Phil Turner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Phil Turner .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Turner, P. (2017). Affect. In: A Psychology of User Experience . Human–Computer Interaction Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70653-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70653-5_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70652-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70653-5

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation