Abstract
The 11 species in the genus Amblyomma that are, or have been, found in Southern African are illustrated and described, their geographic distributions mapped, their hosts listed, and when available, their life cycles, seasonal abundance and role as vectors of disease are provided.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aeschlimann A (1967) Biologie et écologie des tiques (Ixodoidea) de Côte d’Ivoire. Acta Trop 24:281–405
Baker MK, Ducasse FBW (1967) Tick infestation of livestock in Natal. I. The predilection sites and seasonal variations of cattle ticks. J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 38:447–453
Baker MK, Ducasse FBW (1968) Tick infestation of livestock in Natal. The role played by goats as reservoirs of the economically important cattle ticks. J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 39:55–59
Baker MK, Keep ME (1970) Checklist of the ticks found on the larger game animals in the Natal game reserves. Lammergeyer 12:41–47
Baker MK, Ducasse FBW, Sutherst RW, Maywald GF (1989) The seasonal tick populations on traditional and commercial cattle grazed at four altitudes in Natal. J S Afr Vet Assoc 60:95–101
Bezuidenhout JD (1987) Natural transmission of heartwater. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:349–351
Bezuidenhout JD (1988) Sekere aspekte van hartwateroordraging, voorkoms van die organisme in bosluise en in vitro kweking, (in Afrikaans). DVSc thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 266 pp
Braack LEO, Horak IG, Jordaan LC, Segerman J, Louw JP (1996) The comparative host status of red veld rats (Aethomys chrysophilus) and bushveld gerbils (Tatera leucogaster) for epifaunal arthropods in the southern Kruger National Park, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 63:149–158
Branch WR (1998) Field guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town
Bryson NR, Horak IG, Venter EH, Yunker CE (2000b) Collection of free-living nymphs and adults of Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae) with pheromone/carbon dioxide traps at 5 different ecological sites in heartwater endemic regions of South Africa. Exp Appl Acarol 24:971–982
Burridge MJ (2001) Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) spread by the international trade in reptiles and their potential roles in dissemination of diseases. Bull Entomol Res 91:3–23
Colbo MH (1973) Ticks of Zambian wild animals: a preliminary checklist. Puku 7:97–105
Dias JATS (1952) Algunos dados biologicos sobre o Amblyomma nuttalli (Dönitz, 1909). Anais dos Serviços de Veternária 5:51–62
Dower KM, Petney TN, Horak IG (1988) The developmental success of Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma marmoreum on the leopard tortoise, Geochelone pardalis. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 55:11–13
Duncan IM (1989) The use of flumethrin pour-on for de-ticking black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) prior to translocation in Zimbabwe. J S Afr Vet Assoc 60:195–197
Fielden LJ, Rechav Y (1994) Attachment sites of the tick Amblyomma marmoreum on its tortoise host, Geochelone pardalis. Exp Appl Acarol 18:339–349
Fourie LJ, Vrahimis S, Horak IG, Terblanche HJ, Kok OB (1991b) Ecto- and endoparasites of introduced gemsbok in the Orange Free State. S Afr J Wildl Res 21:82–87
Gallivan GJ, Horak IG (1997) Body size and habitat as determinants of tick infestations of wild ungulates in South Africa. S Afr J Wildl Res 27:63–70
Gallivan GJ, Spickett AM, Heyne H, Spickett A, Horak IG (2011) The dynamics of questing ticks collected for 164 consecutive months off the vegetation of two landscape zones in the Kruger National Park (1988–2002). III. The less commonly collected species. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 78(1):Art. #41, 9 pages. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v78i1.41
Guglielmone A, Robbins RG, Apanaskevich DA, Petney TN, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG (2014) The hard ticks of the world (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg, 738 pp
Hoogstraal H (1956) African Ixodoidea. I. Ticks of the Sudan (with special reference to Equatoria Province and with preliminary reviews of the genera Boophilus, Margaropus and Hyalomma), Research report NM 005.050.29.07. Department of the Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Washington, DC, 1101 pp
Horak IG (1982b) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XV. The seasonal prevalence of ectoparasites on impala and cattle in the Northern Transvaal. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 49:85–93
Horak IG (1999) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXXVII. Ixodid ticks on cattle on Kikuyu grass pastures and in Valley Bushveld in the Eastern Cape Province. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 66:175–184
Horak IG, Fourie LJ (1991) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXIX. Ixodid ticks on hares in the Cape Province and on hares and red rock rabbits in the Orange Free State. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 58:261–270
Horak IG, Williams EJ (1986) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XVIII. The crowned guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), an important host of immature ixodid ticks. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 53:119–122
Horak IG, Brown MR, Boomker J, De Vos V, Van Zyl EA (1982) Helminth and arthropod parasites of blesbok, Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, and of bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 49:139–146
Horak IG, Sheppey K, Knight MM, Beuthin CL (1986b) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXI. Arthropod parasites of vaal ribbok, bontebok and scrub hares in the western Cape Province. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 53:187–197
Horak IG, MacIvor KM d F, Petney TN, De Vos V (1987b) Some avian and mammalian hosts of Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma marmoreum (Acari: Ixodidae). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:397–403
Horak IG, Jacot Guillarmod A, Moolman LC, De Vos V (1987c) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXII. Ixodid ticks on domestic dogs and on wild carnivores. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:573–580
Horak IG, Boomker J, De Vos V, Potgieter FT (1988b) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXIII. Helminth and arthropod parasites of warthogs, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, in the eastern Transvaal Lowveld. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 55:145–152
Horak IG, Keep ME, Spickett AM, Boomker J (1989) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXIV. Arthropod parasites of bushbuck and common duiker in the Weza State Forest, Natal. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 56:63–66
Horak IG, Williams EJ, Van Schalkwyk PC (1991a) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXV. Ixodid ticks on sheep in the north-eastern Orange Free State and in the eastern Cape Province. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 58:115–123
Horak IG, Fourie LJ, Novellie PA, Williams EJ (1991b) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXVI. The mosaic of ixodid tick infestations on birds and mammals in the Mountain Zebra National Park. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 58:125–136
Horak IG, Spickett AM, Braack LEO, Williams EJ (1991c) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXVII. Ticks on helmeted guineafowls in the eastern Cape Province and eastern Transvaal Lowveld. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 58:137–143
Horak IG, Knight MM, Williams EJ (1991d) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXVIII. Helminth and arthropod parasites of Angora goats and kids in Valley Bushveld. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 58:253–260
Horak IG, Boomker J, Spickett AM, De Vos V (1992b) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXX. Ectoparasites of kudus in the eastern Transvaal Lowveld and the eastern Cape Province. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 59:259–273
Horak IG, Spickett AM, Braack LEO, Penzhorn BL (1993) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXXII. Ixodid ticks on scrub hares in the Transvaal. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 60:163–174
Horak IG, Spickett AM, Braack LEO, Penzhorn BL, Bagnall RJ, Uys AC (1995a) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXXIII. Ixodid ticks on scrub hares in the north-eastern regions of Northern and Eastern Transvaal and of KwaZulu-Natal. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 62:123–131
Horak IG, Boomker J, Flamand JRB (1995b) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXXIV. Arthropod parasites of nyalas in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 62:171–179
Horak IG, Braack LEO, Fourie LJ, Walker JB (2000a) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXXVIII. Ixodid ticks collected from 23 wild carnivore species. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 67:239–250
Horak IG, Fourie LJ, Heyne H, Walker JB, Needham GR (2002b) Ixodid ticks feeding on humans in South Africa: with notes on preferred hosts, geographic distribution, seasonal occurrence and transmission of pathogens. Exp Appl Acarol 27:113–136
Horak IG, Gallivan GJ, Braack LEO, Boomker J, De Vos V (2003) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XLI. Arthropod parasites of impalas (Aepyceros melampus) in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 70:131–163
Horak IG, McKay IJ, Heyne H, Spickett AM (2006a) Hosts, seasonality and geographic distribution of the South African tortoise tick, Amblyomma marmoreum. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 73:13–25
Horak IG, Golezardy H, Uys AC (2006c) The host status of African buffaloes, Syncerus caffer, for Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 73:193–198
Horak IG, McKay IJ, Henen BT, Heyne H, Hofmeyr R, De Villiers AL (2006d) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XLVII. Ticks of tortoises and other reptiles. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 73:215–227
Horak IG, Golezardy H, Uys AC (2007) Ticks associated with the three largest wild ruminant species in southern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 74:231–242
Horak IG, Nyangiwe N, De Matos C, Neves L (2009) Species composition and geographic distribution of ticks infesting cattle, goats and dogs in a temperate and a subtropical coastal region of south-eastern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 76:263–278
Horak IG, Gallivan GJ, Spickett AM (2011a) The dynamics of questing ticks collected for 164 consecutive months off the vegetation of two landscape zones in the Kruger National Park (1988–2002). Part I. Total ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus decoloratus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 78(1):Art. #32, 10 pages. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v78i1.32
Horak IG, Boshoff CR, Cooper DV, Foggin CM, Govender D, Harrison A, Hausler G, Hofmeyr M, Kilian JW, MacFadyen DN, Nel PJ, Peinke D, Squarre D, Zimmermann D (2017a) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XLIX. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting white and black rhinoceroses in southern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 84(1):11. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1301
Horak IG, Heyne H, Halajian A, Booysen S, Smit WJ (2017b) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. L. Ixodid ticks infesting horses and donkeys. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 84(1):a1302. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1302
Horak IG, Pearcy A, Lloyd KJ (2017c) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. LI. Ticks infesting leopard tortoises Stigmochelys pardalis, hingeback tortoises Kinixys zombensis and angulate tortoises Chersina angulate. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 84(1):a1303.https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1303
Howell DJ, Petney TN, Horak IG (1989) The host status of the striped mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, in relation to the tick vectors of heartwater in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 56:289–291
Jordaan JO, Baker JAF (1981) Survival rate on the host and mating capacity of Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch) male ticks. In: Whitehead GB, Gibson JD (eds) Proceedings of an international conference on tick biology and control. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, pp 115–117
Kaiser MN, Sutherst RW, Bourne AS (1982) Relationship between ticks and Zebu cattle in southern Uganda. Trop Anim Health Prod 14:63–74
Klompen H, Dobson SJ, Barker SC (2002) A new subfamily, Bothriocrotinae n. subfam., for the genus Bothriocroton, Keirans, King & Sharrad, 1994 status amend. (Ixodida: Ixodidae), and the synonymy of Aponomma Neumann, 1899 with Amblyomma Kock, 1844. Syst Parasitol 53:101–107
Lewis EA (1932) Some tick investigations in Kenya Colony. Parasitology 24:175–182
Londt JGH, Horak IG, De Villiers IL (1979) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XIII. The seasonal incidence of adult ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) on cattle in the northern Transvaal. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 46:31–39
MacIvor KM de F, Horak IG (1987) Foot abscess in goats in relation to the seasonal abundance of adult Amblyomma hebraeum and adult Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum (Acari: Ixodidae). J S Afr Vet Assoc 58:113–118
MacIvor KM de F, Horak IG (2003) Ixodid ticks of Angora and Boer goats, grysbok, common duikers, kudus and scrub hares in Valley Bushveld in the Eastern Cape Province. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 70:113–120
MacKenzie PKI, Norval RAI (1980) The transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma tholloni. Vet Parasitol 7:265–268
MacLeod J, Mwanaumo B (1978) Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Zambia. IV. Some anomalous infestation patterns in northern and eastern regions. Bull Entomol Res 68:409–429
MacLeod J, Colbo MH, Madbouly MH, Mwanaumo B (1977) Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Zambia. III. Seasonal activity and attachment sites on cattle, with notes on other hosts. Bull Entomol Res 67:161–173
Matthee S, Meltzer DGA, Horak IG (1997) Sites of attachment and density assessment of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on impala (Aepyceros melampus). Exp Appl Acarol 21:179–192
Matthee S, Horak IG, Beacournu J-C, Durden LA, Ueckermann EA, McGeoch MA (2007) Epifaunistic arthropod parasites of the four-striped mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. J Parasitol 93:47–59
Musuka GN, Mafika M, Molathwa E, Nuru H (2001) New distribution records of Amblyomma hebraeum in the sandveld region of Botswana. J S Afr Vet Assoc 72:3
Norval RAI (1974b) The life cycle of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae). J Entomol Soc South Afr 37:357–367
Norval RAI (1975b) Studies on the ecology of Amblyomma marmoreum Koch 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae). J Parasitol 61:737–742
Norval RAI (1983) The ticks of Zimbabwe. VII. The genus Amblyomma. Zimb Vet J 14:3–18
Norval RAI (1985a) The ticks of Zimbabwe. XI. The genus Aponomma. Zimb Vet J 16:5–8
Norval RAI, Capitini LA (1974) The rate of feeding, and spermatogenesis in Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae). J Entomol Soc South Afr 37:393–401
Norval RAI, MacKenzie PKI (1981) The transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma sparsum. Vet Parasitol 8:189–191
Norval RAI, Colborne J, Tannock J, MacKenzie PKI (1980) The life cycle of Amblyomma tholloni Neumann, 1899 (Acarina: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions. Vet Parasitol 7:255–263
Norval RAI, Peter T, Meltzer MI (1992) A comparison of the attraction of nymphs and adults of the ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum to carbon dioxide and the male produced aggregation-attachment pheromone. Exp Appl Acarol 13:179–186
Oberem PT, Bezuidenhout JD (1987) Heartwater in hosts other than domestic ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:271–275
Pearcy A, Beyer J (2013) Spatial separation of intraspecific attachment sites of Amblyomma sylvaticum on angulate tortoises Chersina angulate. Acarina 21:147–150
Pegram RG, Perry BD, Musisi FL, Mwanaumo B (1986) Ecology and phenology of ticks in Zambia: seasonal dynamics on cattle. Exp Appl Acarol 2:25–45
Peter T, Perry BD, O’Callaghan CJ, Medley GF, Shumba W, Madzima W, Burridge MJ, Mahan SM (1998) Distributions of the vectors of heartwater, Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae), in Zimbabwe. Exp Appl Acarol 22:725–740
Petney TN, Horak IG (1987) The effect of dipping on parasitic and free-living populations of Amblyomma hebraeum on a farm and on an adjacent nature reserve. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:529–533
Petney TN, Horak IG, Rechav Y (1987) The ecology of the African vectors of heartwater, with particular reference to Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:381–395
Petney TN, Horak IG, Howell DJ, Meyer S (2004) Striped mice, Rhabdomys pumilio, and other murid rodents as hosts for immature ixodid ticks. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 71:313–318
Rechav Y (1978) Drop-off rhythms of engorged larvae and nymphs of the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae), and the factors that regulate them. J Med Entomol 14:677–687
Rechav Y (1982) Dynamics of tick populations (Acari: Ixodidae) in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa. J Med Entomol 19:679–700
Rechav Y, Fielden LJ (1995) Seasonal abundance of the tortoise tick Amblyomma marmoreum (Acari: Ixodidae) on the leopard tortoise, Geochelone pardalis. J Med Entomol 32:161–165
Rechav Y, Whitehead GB, Knight MM (1976) Aggregation response of nymphs to pheromone(s) produced by males of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch). Nature 259:563–564
Rechav Y, Parolis H, Whitehead GB, Knight MM (1977b) Evidence for an assembly pheromone(s) produced by males of the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 14:71–78
Rechav Y, Zeederberg ME, Zeller DA (1987) Dynamics of African tick (Acari: Ixodoidea) populations in a natural Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever focus. J Med Entomol 24:575–583
Schröder J (1980) Cattle ticks from the Waterberg District of the Transvaal. J S Afr Vet Assoc 51:27–30
Skinner JD, Chimimba TC (2005) The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 814 pp
Spickett AM (2013) Ixodid ticks of major economic importance and their distribution in South Africa. Agri Connect (Pty) Ltd., Pretoria. 79 pp
Spickett AM, Heyne IH, Williams R (2011b) Survey of the livestock ticks of the North West province, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 78(1):Art. #305, 12 pages. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/ovjr.v78i1.305
Theiler G (1945a) Ticks in the South African Zoological Survey collection. Part III. The ornate Aponommas Onderstepoort. J Vet Sci Anim Ind 20:165–178
Theiler G (1945b) Ticks in the South African Zoological Survey collection. Part IV. The inornate Aponommas. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind 20:179–190
Theiler G (1962) The Ixodoidea parasites of vertebrates in Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian region). Project S 9958. Report to the Director of Veterinary Services, Onderstepoort (mimeographed), 260 pp
Theiler G, Salisbury LE (1959) Ticks in the South African Zoological Survey collection. – Part IX – “The Amblyomma marmoreum group”. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 28:47–124
Uys AC, Horak IG (2005) Ticks on crested francolins, Francolinus sephaena, and on the vegetation on a farm in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 72:339–343
Van Niekerk DJ, Fourie LJ, Horak IG (2006) Birds as hosts of immature ixodid ticks in Free State Province, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 73:123–130
Walker JB (1974) The ixodid ticks of Kenya. A review of present knowledge of their hosts and distribution. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London. 220 pp
Walker JB (1991) A review of the ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) occurring in southern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 58:81–105
Walker JB, Olwage A (1987) The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:353–379
Walker JB, Parsons BT (1964) The laboratory rearing of Amblyomma sparsum Neumann, 1899. Parasitology 54:173–175
Walker JB, Schulz KCA (1984) Records of the bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum, from the angulate tortoise, Chersina angulata, and the leopard tortoise, Geochelone pardalis. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 51:171–173
Walker JB, Mehlitz D, Jones GE (1978) Notes on the ticks of Botswana. German Agency for Technical Cooperation, Eschborn
Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas J-L, Estrada-Peña A, Horak IG, Latif AA, Pegram RG, Preston P (2003) Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species. Bioscience Reports, Edinburgh
Yeoman GH, Walker JB (1967) The ixodid ticks of Tanzania. A study of the zoogeoraphy of the Ixodidae of an east African country. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, 215 pp
Young E (1965) Aponomma exornatum (Koch) as a cause of mortality among monitors. J S Afr Vet Med Assoc 36:579
Zieger U, Horak IG, Cauldwell AE (1998a) Dynamics of free-living ixodid ticks on a game ranch in the Central Province, Zambia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 65:49–59
Zieger U, Horak IG, Cauldwell AE, Uys AC (1998b) Ixodid tick infestations of wild birds and mammals on a game ranch in Central Province, Zambia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 65:113–124
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Horak, I.G. et al. (2018). The Genus Amblyomma Koch, 1844. In: The Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Southern Africa. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70642-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70642-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70640-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70642-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)