Abstract
Urban soil is a sink for anthropogenic lead (Pb) and the latter is a persistent threat to human health, especially to children and the gardening population. In the past decade, several organizations have tested soil samples for Pb in New York City. Here we summarize the available soil Pb data for New York City and create a spatial distribution map. The highest Pb levels were present in the oldest parts of the city, and mostly industrial and high traffic areas. There is overlap between high Pb areas with areas of high population density and high poverty rates. The analyses help delineate parts of the city that are most affected, possible sources of Pb, and where to prioritize resources for mitigation and remediation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Azzolina, N.A., Kreitinger, J.P., Skorobogatov, Y., Shaw, R.K.: Background concentrations of PAHs and metals in surface and subsurface soils collected throughout Manhattan, New York. Environ. Forensics 17(4), 294–310 (2016)
Biasioli, M., Barberis, R., Ajmone-Marsan, F.: The influence of a large city on some soil properties and metals content. Sci. Total Environ. 356, 154–164 (2006)
Billets, S.: Innovative Technology verification report XRF technologies for measuring trace elements in soil and sediment XCALIBUR ELVAX XRF analyzer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/540/R-06/006 (NTIS PB2006-109028) (2006)
Bureau of Census: 1980 Census of Population: United States Department of Commerce (1983)
Caravanos, J., Weiss, A.L., Blaise, M.J., Jaeger, R.J.: A survey of spatially distributed exterior dust loadings in New York City. Environ. Res. 100, 165–172 (2006)
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Low level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call for primary prevention. Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention of the CDC (2012)
Chaney, R.L., Mielke, H.W., Sterrett, S.B.: Speciation, mobility, and bioavailability of soil lead. In: Davies, B.E., Wixson, B.G., (eds.) Science Reviews, pp. 105–109 (1988)
Federal Transit Administration and the Metropolitan Transit Authority of the state of New York, in cooperation with the MTA Long Island Railroad (2001). Chapter 14: Contaminated Materials. East Side Access – Final Environmental Impact Statement. 14-1–14-26. Accessed 20 May 2016
Cheng, Z., Lee, L., Dayan, S., Grinshtein, M., Shaw, R.: Speciation of heavy metals in garden soils: evidences from selective and sequential chemical leaching. J. Soils Sed. 11, 628–638 (2011)
Cheng, Z., Paltseva, A., Li, I., Morin, T., Huot, H., Egendorf, S., Su, Z., Yolanda, R., Singh, K., Lee, L., Grinshtein, M., Liu, Y., Green, K., Wai, W., Wazed, B., Shaw, R.: Trace metal contamination in New York City garden soils. Soil Sci. 180, 1–8 (2015)
Datko-Williams, L., Wilkie, A., Richmind-Bryant, J.: Analysis of U.S. soil lead (pb) studies from 1970 to 2012. Sci. Total Environ. 854–863 (2014)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA Takes Final Step in Phaseout of Leaded Gasoline. EPA press release (1996)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): 40 CFR Part 745 Lead: Requirements for Lead-Based Paint Activities in Target Housing and Child-Occupied Facilities. Final Rule. Federal Registrar. 45,777–45,825 (1996)
Henry, H., Naujokas, M.F., Attanayake, C., Basta, N.T., Cheng, Z., Hettiarachchi, G.M., Maddaloni, M., Schadt, C., Scheckel, K.G.: Bioavailability-based in situ remediation to meet future lead (Pb) standards in urban soils and gardens. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 8948–8958 (2015)
Industrial Bureau of The Merchants’ Association of New York. Industrial Map New York City Manufacturing Industries, reproduced by The New York Public Library in 2015 (1922)
Kapička, A., Petrovský, E., Ustjak, S., Macháčková, K.: Proxy mapping of fly-ash pollution of soils around a coal-burning power plant: a case study in the Czech Republic. J. Geochem. Explor. 66, 291–297 (1999)
Levin, R., Brown, M., Kashtock, M., Jacobs, D., Whelan, E., Rodman, J., Schock, M., Padilla, A., Sinks, T.: Lead exposures in U.S. children, 2008: implications for prevention. Environ. Health Perspect. 116, 1285–1293 (2008)
McBride, M., Shayler, H., Spliethoff, H., Mitchell, R., Marquez-Bravo, L., Ferenz, G., Russel-Anelli, J., Casey, L., Bachman, S.: Concentrations of lead, cadmium and barium in urban garden-grown vegetables: the impact of soil variables. Environ. Pollut. 194, 254–261 (2014)
McKelvey, W., Gwynn, R., Jeffery, N., Kass, D., Thorpe, L., Garg, R., Palmer, C., Parsons, P.: A biomonitoring of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of New York City adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 1435–1441 (2007)
Mielke, H., Gonzales, C., Smith, M., Mielke, P.: The Urban Environment and children’s health: soils as an integrator of lead, zinc, and cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Environ. Res. 81, 117–129 (1999)
Mitchell, R., Spliethoff, H., Ribaudo, L., Lopp, D., Shayler, H., Marquez-Bravo, L., Lambert, V., Ferenz, G., Russel-Anelli, J., Stone, E., McBride, M.: Lead (pb) and other metals in New York City community garden soils: factors influencing contaminant distributions. Environ. Pollut. 187, 162–169 (2014)
National Cooperative Soil Survey, National Cooperative Soil Characterization Database. http://ncsslabdatamart.sc.egov.usda.gov. Accessed 2 Dec 2014
New York City Department of City Planning – Population Division, Percent of Persons Below the Poverty Level in 1999 by Census Tract, New York City (2000). http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/mpsf3pov2.pdf. Accessed Nov 2014
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH). Epiquery: NYC Interactive Health Data System – New York City Health and Nutrition Survey (2012). http://nyc.gov/health/epiquery. Accessed Nov 2014
New York City Department of Health Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. Surveillance of Childhood Blood Lead Levels in New York City (2002). https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/exposure/childhood/surveillance_report/2006-2007/. Accessed Jan 2015
New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Land Cover Raster Data (2010). https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Environment/Landcover-Raster-Data-2010-/9auy-76zt. Accessed Nov 2014
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and New York State Department of Health. New York State brownfield cleanup program, department of soil cleanup objectives (2006). http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/techsuppdoc.pdf. Accessed Aug 2016
New York State Department of Transportation, Traffic Monitoring Unit in the Highway Data Services Bureau. Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT), 1999–2013 (2013). https://www.dot.ny.gov/tdv. Accessed May 2016
Saldivar-Tanaka, L., Krasny, M.: Culturing community development, neighborhood open space, and civic agriculture: the case of latino community gardens in New York City. Agric. Hum. Values 21, 399–412 (2004)
United States Department of Agriculture – Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NCRS), Soil Survey Division. Official Soil Series Descriptions (2007). https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/osdname.asp. Accessed Mar 2016
Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham, E.C., Soil Survey Staff: Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils: Version 3.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE (2012)
Sheets, R., Kyger, J., Biagioni, R., Probst, S., Boyer, R., Barke, K.: Relationship between soil lead and airborne lead concentrations at springfield, Missouri, USA. Sci. Total Environ. 271, 79–85 (2001)
Solomon, R.L., Hartford, J.W.: Lead and cadmium in dusts and soils in a small urban community. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 773–777 (1976)
United States Census Bureau. Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAS) (2010). https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.html. Accessed Jun 2014
United States Census Bureau. Population (2010). https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.html. Accessed Nov 2014
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Lead; Identification of Dangerous Levels of Lead. EPA Federal Register, no. 66, pp. 1206–1240 (2001)
Weitzman, M., Aschengrau, A., Bellinger, D., Jones, R., Hamlin, J.S., Beiser, A.: Lead-contaminated soil abatement and urban children’s blood lead levels. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 269, 1647–1654 (1993)
Yankel, A., Lindern, I., Walter, S.: The silver valley lead study: the relationship between childhood blood lead levels and environmental exposure. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 27, 763–767 (1977)
Zahran, S., Laidlaw, M.A.S., McElmurry, S.P., Filippelli, G.M., Taylor, M.: Linking source and effect: resuspended soil lead, air lead, and children’s blood lead levels in detroit, Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 2839–2845 (2013)
Acknowledgments
Colleen Simon and Zaw Win Naing from Midwood High School assisted in data entry and testing of some of the samples with a handheld XRF analyzer. The authors appreciate the following organizations for allowing us to include their soil Pb in this study: Brooklyn College Soil Testing Lab, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR), and the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), USDA National Cooperative Soil Survey, US EPA SoilSHOP (formerly Soil Kitchen).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Li, I., Cheng, Z., Paltseva, A., Morin, T., Smith, B., Shaw, R. (2018). Lead in New York City Soils. In: I. Vasenev, V., Dovletyarova, E., Chen, Z., Valentini, R. (eds) Megacities 2050: Environmental Consequences of Urbanization. ICLASCSD 2016. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70557-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70557-6_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70556-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70557-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)