Skip to main content

Lead in New York City Soils

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Megacities 2050: Environmental Consequences of Urbanization (ICLASCSD 2016)

Part of the book series: Springer Geography ((SPRINGERGEOGR))

Abstract

Urban soil is a sink for anthropogenic lead (Pb) and the latter is a persistent threat to human health, especially to children and the gardening population. In the past decade, several organizations have tested soil samples for Pb in New York City. Here we summarize the available soil Pb data for New York City and create a spatial distribution map. The highest Pb levels were present in the oldest parts of the city, and mostly industrial and high traffic areas. There is overlap between high Pb areas with areas of high population density and high poverty rates. The analyses help delineate parts of the city that are most affected, possible sources of Pb, and where to prioritize resources for mitigation and remediation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Azzolina, N.A., Kreitinger, J.P., Skorobogatov, Y., Shaw, R.K.: Background concentrations of PAHs and metals in surface and subsurface soils collected throughout Manhattan, New York. Environ. Forensics 17(4), 294–310 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Biasioli, M., Barberis, R., Ajmone-Marsan, F.: The influence of a large city on some soil properties and metals content. Sci. Total Environ. 356, 154–164 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Billets, S.: Innovative Technology verification report XRF technologies for measuring trace elements in soil and sediment XCALIBUR ELVAX XRF analyzer. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/540/R-06/006 (NTIS PB2006-109028) (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bureau of Census: 1980 Census of Population: United States Department of Commerce (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Caravanos, J., Weiss, A.L., Blaise, M.J., Jaeger, R.J.: A survey of spatially distributed exterior dust loadings in New York City. Environ. Res. 100, 165–172 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Low level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call for primary prevention. Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention of the CDC (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chaney, R.L., Mielke, H.W., Sterrett, S.B.: Speciation, mobility, and bioavailability of soil lead. In: Davies, B.E., Wixson, B.G., (eds.) Science Reviews, pp. 105–109 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Federal Transit Administration and the Metropolitan Transit Authority of the state of New York, in cooperation with the MTA Long Island Railroad (2001). Chapter 14: Contaminated Materials. East Side Access – Final Environmental Impact Statement. 14-1–14-26. Accessed 20 May 2016

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cheng, Z., Lee, L., Dayan, S., Grinshtein, M., Shaw, R.: Speciation of heavy metals in garden soils: evidences from selective and sequential chemical leaching. J. Soils Sed. 11, 628–638 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Cheng, Z., Paltseva, A., Li, I., Morin, T., Huot, H., Egendorf, S., Su, Z., Yolanda, R., Singh, K., Lee, L., Grinshtein, M., Liu, Y., Green, K., Wai, W., Wazed, B., Shaw, R.: Trace metal contamination in New York City garden soils. Soil Sci. 180, 1–8 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Datko-Williams, L., Wilkie, A., Richmind-Bryant, J.: Analysis of U.S. soil lead (pb) studies from 1970 to 2012. Sci. Total Environ. 854–863 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA Takes Final Step in Phaseout of Leaded Gasoline. EPA press release (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): 40 CFR Part 745 Lead: Requirements for Lead-Based Paint Activities in Target Housing and Child-Occupied Facilities. Final Rule. Federal Registrar. 45,777–45,825 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Henry, H., Naujokas, M.F., Attanayake, C., Basta, N.T., Cheng, Z., Hettiarachchi, G.M., Maddaloni, M., Schadt, C., Scheckel, K.G.: Bioavailability-based in situ remediation to meet future lead (Pb) standards in urban soils and gardens. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 8948–8958 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Industrial Bureau of The Merchants’ Association of New York. Industrial Map New York City Manufacturing Industries, reproduced by The New York Public Library in 2015 (1922)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kapička, A., Petrovský, E., Ustjak, S., Macháčková, K.: Proxy mapping of fly-ash pollution of soils around a coal-burning power plant: a case study in the Czech Republic. J. Geochem. Explor. 66, 291–297 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Levin, R., Brown, M., Kashtock, M., Jacobs, D., Whelan, E., Rodman, J., Schock, M., Padilla, A., Sinks, T.: Lead exposures in U.S. children, 2008: implications for prevention. Environ. Health Perspect. 116, 1285–1293 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. McBride, M., Shayler, H., Spliethoff, H., Mitchell, R., Marquez-Bravo, L., Ferenz, G., Russel-Anelli, J., Casey, L., Bachman, S.: Concentrations of lead, cadmium and barium in urban garden-grown vegetables: the impact of soil variables. Environ. Pollut. 194, 254–261 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. McKelvey, W., Gwynn, R., Jeffery, N., Kass, D., Thorpe, L., Garg, R., Palmer, C., Parsons, P.: A biomonitoring of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of New York City adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 1435–1441 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mielke, H., Gonzales, C., Smith, M., Mielke, P.: The Urban Environment and children’s health: soils as an integrator of lead, zinc, and cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Environ. Res. 81, 117–129 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Mitchell, R., Spliethoff, H., Ribaudo, L., Lopp, D., Shayler, H., Marquez-Bravo, L., Lambert, V., Ferenz, G., Russel-Anelli, J., Stone, E., McBride, M.: Lead (pb) and other metals in New York City community garden soils: factors influencing contaminant distributions. Environ. Pollut. 187, 162–169 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. National Cooperative Soil Survey, National Cooperative Soil Characterization Database. http://ncsslabdatamart.sc.egov.usda.gov. Accessed 2 Dec 2014

  23. New York City Department of City Planning – Population Division, Percent of Persons Below the Poverty Level in 1999 by Census Tract, New York City (2000). http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/mpsf3pov2.pdf. Accessed Nov 2014

  24. Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH). Epiquery: NYC Interactive Health Data System – New York City Health and Nutrition Survey (2012). http://nyc.gov/health/epiquery. Accessed Nov 2014

  25. New York City Department of Health Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. Surveillance of Childhood Blood Lead Levels in New York City (2002). https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/exposure/childhood/surveillance_report/2006-2007/. Accessed Jan 2015

  26. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Land Cover Raster Data (2010). https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Environment/Landcover-Raster-Data-2010-/9auy-76zt. Accessed Nov 2014

  27. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and New York State Department of Health. New York State brownfield cleanup program, department of soil cleanup objectives (2006). http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/techsuppdoc.pdf. Accessed Aug 2016

  28. New York State Department of Transportation, Traffic Monitoring Unit in the Highway Data Services Bureau. Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT), 1999–2013 (2013). https://www.dot.ny.gov/tdv. Accessed May 2016

  29. Saldivar-Tanaka, L., Krasny, M.: Culturing community development, neighborhood open space, and civic agriculture: the case of latino community gardens in New York City. Agric. Hum. Values 21, 399–412 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. United States Department of Agriculture – Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NCRS), Soil Survey Division. Official Soil Series Descriptions (2007). https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/osdname.asp. Accessed Mar 2016

  31. Schoeneberger, P.J., Wysocki, D.A., Benham, E.C., Soil Survey Staff: Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils: Version 3.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sheets, R., Kyger, J., Biagioni, R., Probst, S., Boyer, R., Barke, K.: Relationship between soil lead and airborne lead concentrations at springfield, Missouri, USA. Sci. Total Environ. 271, 79–85 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Solomon, R.L., Hartford, J.W.: Lead and cadmium in dusts and soils in a small urban community. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 773–777 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. United States Census Bureau. Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAS) (2010). https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.html. Accessed Jun 2014

  35. United States Census Bureau. Population (2010). https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-data.html. Accessed Nov 2014

  36. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Lead; Identification of Dangerous Levels of Lead. EPA Federal Register, no. 66, pp. 1206–1240 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Weitzman, M., Aschengrau, A., Bellinger, D., Jones, R., Hamlin, J.S., Beiser, A.: Lead-contaminated soil abatement and urban children’s blood lead levels. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 269, 1647–1654 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Yankel, A., Lindern, I., Walter, S.: The silver valley lead study: the relationship between childhood blood lead levels and environmental exposure. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 27, 763–767 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Zahran, S., Laidlaw, M.A.S., McElmurry, S.P., Filippelli, G.M., Taylor, M.: Linking source and effect: resuspended soil lead, air lead, and children’s blood lead levels in detroit, Michigan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 2839–2845 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Colleen Simon and Zaw Win Naing from Midwood High School assisted in data entry and testing of some of the samples with a handheld XRF analyzer. The authors appreciate the following organizations for allowing us to include their soil Pb in this study: Brooklyn College Soil Testing Lab, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR), and the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), USDA National Cooperative Soil Survey, US EPA SoilSHOP (formerly Soil Kitchen).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhongqi Cheng .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Li, I., Cheng, Z., Paltseva, A., Morin, T., Smith, B., Shaw, R. (2018). Lead in New York City Soils. In: I. Vasenev, V., Dovletyarova, E., Chen, Z., Valentini, R. (eds) Megacities 2050: Environmental Consequences of Urbanization. ICLASCSD 2016. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70557-6_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics