Samuel McDonald Martin and Oppositional Politics in Auckland

Wallace, Valerie

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70467-8_11

Samuel McDonald Martin and Oppositional Politics in Auckland

Valerie Wallace⁴

Chapter
First Online: 03 February 2018

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Part of the book series: Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series ((CIPCSS))

Abstract

This chapter sheds new light on Samuel McDonald Martin (1805?–1848), who hailed from Skye and moved to Auckland in 1842, and provides the first proper analysis of his now-forgotten published writings. It argues that Martin’s religious ideas—the voluntaryist-non-intrusion ideology of Scottish Presbyterian dissent—underpinned his critique of colonial policy. Martin objected to Anglican control of education, taxes which prohibited free trade and propped up the Anglican clergy and the Crown’s monopoly of Māori land, which, Martin feared, would come to resemble the clergy reserves of Upper Canada. Martin’s denominational prejudices shaped his political liberalism.

‘The State Church of England, as well as English taxes, are not only the birthright of Englishmen, but they are the evil Genii which attend them wherever they go. They may escape from every thing else, but these haunt them to the remotest corner of the huge colonial empire of Great Britain.’

(‘State Church’, Southern Cross, 8 June 1844)

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Notes

1.
Martin 1845, p. 64.
2.
Martin 1845, p. 94.
3.
‘New Zealand Colonization. First Article’, The Colonist, 25 December 1839.
4.
‘New Zealand Colonization. Fourth Article’, The Colonist, 4 January 1840. For similar views from Lang see Lang 1839, p. 98.
5.
‘New Zealand Colonization. Second Article’, The Colonist, 25 December 1839.
6.
‘Colonial Politics’, The Colonist, 18 January 1840.
7.
‘New Zealand’, Colonial Observer, 2 Mar 1842.
8.
‘New Zealand’, Colonial Observer, 18 May 1842.
9.
The National Archives [TNA], CO 209/14, Hobson to Stanley, 28 March 1842.
10.
‘New Zealand’, Colonial Observer, 31 August 1842.
11.
Martin 1842; Hocken 1901[?], p. 111.
12.
‘New Zealand’, Colonial Observer, 26 October 1842.
13.
‘The Emigrants from the Clyde at New Zealand’, Colonial Observer, 10 December 1842.
14.
‘Latest News’, Southern Cross, November 11 1843. ‘Latest News’, Southern Cross, September 16 1843. No second edition has been located so Cormack’s efforts seem to have come to nothing.
15.
Auckland War Memorial Museum [AWMM], John Logan Campbell papers, MS51 Folder 14B, letter dated December 15 1844. Campbell also sent his father Martin’s 1842 pamphlet; see the letter dated 4 April 1843.
16.
‘New Zealand’, Colonial Observer, 14 June 1843.
17.
TNA, CO 209/14; CO 209/15. On 2 April 1842 Hobson described an enclosed petition to the Colonial Office as ‘the work of a few factious persons headed by Doctor Martin and Mr Dudley Sinclair’.
18.
McLintock 1958, p. 139.
19.
Moon 2000, pp. 113–15.
20.
Simpson 1990.
21.
See e.g. McLintock 1958: Morrell 1932; Robson 1954; Cheyne 1975. Newer works include: Ward 2008; Ward 2014; Griffiths and Evans 2014.
22.
McHugh 2001, p. 198.
23.
Lipson 1948, p. 17.
24.
McHugh 1995, pp. 366–7.
25.
Ballantyne 2009, p. 99.
26.
See e.g., McLintock 1958, p. 259.
27.
Francis 2001, pp. 178, 181.
28.
Francis 1992.
29.
Ballantyne 2009, p. 109.
30.
Stone 1980b, pp. 15–35; Stone 1982. Stone echoes the ideas of Cheyne 1975.
31.
Martin 1845, p. 330.
32.
‘Mechanics’ Institute’, The Auckland Chronicle and New Zealand Colonist, 25 March 1843; Martin 1845, pp. 330–2.
33.
Ward 2008.
34.
‘To the Inhabitants of Auckland and Colonists of New Zealand’, Auckland Times, 22 September 1842; Martin 1845, p. 326.
35.
Many objected to the appointment of James Freeman as colonial secretary on account of Freeman’s relationship with an unmarried woman of alleged dubious sexual morality. Several ‘leading people at Auckland’, Edward Jerningham Wakefield wrote, ‘intimated that their wives would be unable to meet Mr Freeman’s wife at his Excellency’s house’: Wakefield 1845, p. 505. Martin threatened to print in the Southern Cross an article titled ‘Morality Essential to Good Government’ if Freeman was not recalled. Stone 1982, p. 119; AWMM, John Logan Campbell papers, MS51 Folder 14B, Logan Campbell to his father, 5 April 1844. On ‘impassable’ streets see Brodie 1845, p. 14; Martin 1842, p. 7. On the ‘moral contagion’ of the Pankhurst boys see Martin 1845, pp. 174–5; Brown 1845, p. 173.
36.
McHugh 1995, p. 360.
37.
Simpson 1990; McLintock 1958, pp. 138, 270.
38.
On this theme see Wood 1975; Stenhouse 2004, 2009.
39.
Dickson 1899, p. 40.
40.
Lester 2002, pp. 24–48.
41.
New Zealand historiography, Angela McCarthy has noted, has failed to distinguish the attitudes to Māori held by various ethnicities: McCarthy 2011, p. 183. Though see Patterson et al. 2013, pp. 117–19.
42.
Scott 1928, p. 180.
43.
MacCowan 1902, pp. 118–19.
44.
MacCowan 1902, pp. 119, 142.
45.
Anon. 1847b, pp. 73–7, 80–1.
46.
Kidd and Wallace 2013.
47.
‘Latest News’, Southern Cross, 28 October 1843.
48.
‘Signs of the Times. Indications of Great Social and Political Revolutions’, Southern Cross, 11 November 1843.
49.
Martin 1845, p. 328.
50.
Even in 1855 Thomas Gore Browne , when appointed Governor of New Zealand, was instructed to ‘look to the spiritualties of the Church of England in New Zealand’: Mackey 1967, p. 35.
51.
‘Religious Quarrels’, Southern Cross, 15 June 1844; Martin 1845, pp. 308–11.
52.
Brown 1845, p. 179. The Rev. John Macfarlane , Presbyterian minister in Wellington, was similarly suspicious of Selwyn’s High Church proclivities. Macfarlane rejected the notion of ‘apostolical authority’ and pointed out that the Church of Scotland admitted ‘of no head but Christ’: To the editor’, New Zealand Colonist, 23 August 1842.
53.
‘To editor’, Southern Cross, 20 May 1843; Martin 1845, p. 327.
54.
‘St Paul’s’, Southern Cross, 3 August 1844.
55.
Terry 1842, pp. 53–4.
56.
Martin 1842, p. 22.
57.
Of the rest 51 were members of the Kirk, twelve came from Ireland and another twelve came from other colonies: Matheson 1990, pp. 24, 34; Comrie 1939, pp. 20, 30.
58.
‘State Church’, Southern Cross, 8 June 1844.
59.
Martin 1845, p. 211.
60.
‘State Church’, Southern Cross, 8 June 1844.
61.
‘State Church’, Southern Cross, 8 June 1844.
62.
Brown 1845, pp. 179–80.
63.
Auckland Chronicle, 20 June 1844. Quoted in Mackey 1967, p. 31.
64.
Brown 1845: ‘Appendix II: Protest Against the Native Trust Bill’.
65.
‘Church Extension Act Disallowed’, Southern Cross, 24 June 1843.
66.
‘New Zealand’, Colonial Observer, 2 March 1842.
67.
‘Church Extension Act Disallowed’, Southern Cross, 24 June 1843; Martin 1845, pp. 328–9. The Rev. John Macfarlane, Presbyterian minister in Wellington, experienced similar treatment in his settlement. The common burial ground was appropriated by the Anglican Church. The surveyor-general stated that Presbyterians, as dissenters, would be excluded after the Bishop’s arrival. Macfarlane reminded the community that the Church of Scotland was equally established in Britain and possessed the same rights as the Church of England in Britain’s colonies: ‘To the editor’, New Zealand Colonist, 23 August 1842; Dickson 1899, pp. 38–9. Charles Hindley , Radical MP for Lancashire and voluntaryist dissenter, voiced similar criticisms of Selwyn’s graveyard monopoly in the House of Commons: Hansard HC Deb 30 July 1845 vol 82 cc 1236–51.
68.
‘Legislative Council’, Southern Cross, 8 June 1844.
69.
Martin 1845, p. 210.
70.
‘Protests’, Southern Cross, 15 June 1844.
71.
‘Legislative Council’, Southern Cross, 22 June 1844.
72.
‘Legislative Council’, Southern Cross, 8 June 1844.
73.
‘Signs of the Times. Indications of Great Social and Political Revolutions’, Southern Cross, 11 November 1843; ‘Latest News’, Southern Cross, 9 September 1843.
74.
Pickering and Tyrrell 2000, p. 56.
75.
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty-of-waitangi
76.
‘Treaty of Waitangi’, Southern Cross, 3 June 1843.
77.
Martin 1842, p. 20.
78.
Sharp 2001, pp. 37–8.
79.
On pre-emptive sovereignty see Pocock 2005, pp. 235–7.
80.
‘His Excellency Mr Shortland, the Treaty of Waitangi, and the Wairoa Massacre’, Southern Cross, 26 August 1843; Martin 1845, Appendix I, pp. 360–3.
81.
Fletcher 2014, pp. 1023–1079.
82.
While Fletcher 2014 has examined what the framers of the English text meant, how settlers understood the text remains largely underexplored.
83.
McHugh 1995, pp. 364–6.
84.
McHugh 1995, p. 360.
85.
Orange 2011, p. 91.
86.
The Church of Scotland 1842, pp. 1, 15.
87.
Kidd 2008, p. 229.
88.
On the DRC see Chap. 9.
89.
Martin 1845, pp. 98–9.
90.
McPhail 1994.
91.
Tomlins 2010, p. 53; McHugh 2004, p. 90.
92.
‘New Zealand Colonization Necessarily Different from that of any other British colony’, Southern Cross, 17 June 1843.
93.
Martin 1845, p. 119.
94.
McHugh 1989, p. 47; McHugh 2001, pp. 193–5; Ballantyne 2009, p. 114; Hickford 2010b, pp. 191–3.
95.
Quoted in Orange 2001, p. 121. On the conflation of church and state and law and religion in the Māori worldview, see Paterson 2008.
96.
Dorsett 2010, pp. 209–28; Hickford 2010b, p. 182; ‘Treaty of Waitangi’, New Zealand Journal, 2 March 1844.
97.
Hickford 2010a.
98.
Ivison 2006, p. 197; Tomlins 2010, p. 61.
99.
Martin 1845, p. 347.
100.
‘To Whom Belong the Lands Wrested by Government from the Original Settlers?’, Southern Cross, 6 May 1843. See also Brodie 1845, p. 53.
101.
‘New Zealand Colonization. Second Article’, The Colonist, 25 December 1839.
102.
Martin 1845, pp. 209–10.
103.
‘Colonial Politics’, The Colonist, 7 August 1839.
104.
‘Legislative Council’, Southern Cross, 6 July 1844; ‘Native Trust Bill’, Southern Cross, 6 July 1844.
105.
‘The Original Settlers of New Zealand’, Southern Cross, 1 July 1843.
106.
Anon. 1847a, p. 378. In response to Martin’s criticisms the Company accused him of hypocrisy: ‘Petition to the House of Commons’, New Zealand Journal, 16 August 1845.
107.
Anon. 1844, pp. v–vi, xii–xiii.
108.
‘NZ Colonization. Second Article’, The Colonist, 25 December 1839.
109.
Martin 1842, p. 10; Martin 1845, pp. 114, 335.
110.
Anon. 1847a, pp. 384–5.
111.
Alexander Turnbull Library [ATL], MS Papers 1049, W.E. Cormack to Lord Breadalbane, 15 August 1845.
112.
‘Colonial Politics’, The Colonist, 21 April 1838.
113.
‘New Zealand Colonization. Fourth Article’, The Colonist, 4 January 1840. For similar views from Lang see Lang 1839, p. 98.
114.
Martin 1845, pp. 346–8. Brown made a similar point: the property rights of the aristocracy could ‘be traced to no better title than the law of physical force’. Brown 1845, p. 298.
115.
‘NZ Colonization. Second Article’, The Colonist, 25 December 1839.
116.
Anon. 1847a, pp. 384–7.
117.
‘Legislative Council’, Southern Cross, July 6 1844; Stone 1980b, p. 29.
118.
Hickford 2006, pp. 128–9.
119.
Martin 1845, pp. 291–2.
120.
Bischof 2016, pp. 129–68.
121.
Rodway 1894.
122.
Anon. 1847a, pp. 375–7.
123.
Governor Fitzroy noted with disapproval that the ‘Nelson paper was an organ of the most violent advocates of hostility with the natives, but so cleverly written, that one could not help wishing its editor more creditable employment’: Fitzroy 1846, p. 18.
124.
Lester 2002. For Lester’s comments on Pringle see note 37, page 46.
125.
McKenna 2012.
126.
‘To the Editor of the Nelson Examiner’, Southern Cross, 16 September 1843.
127.
Stenhouse 2000, p. 22.
128.
McHugh 2004, p. 121.
129.
‘The Causes of the Ruin of British Colonies’, Southern Cross, 20 April 1844.
130.
Lang 1839.
131.
New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator, 6 September 1839; New Zealand Colonist and Port Nicholson Advertiser, 8 November 1842.
132.
Fletcher 2014, pp. 819–20.
133.
‘Treaty of Waitangi’, Southern Cross, 3 June 1843.
134.
See Martin’s letter in the Sydney Herald on 3 September 1841.
135.
Lang 1839, pp. 100–1.
136.
Pickering 2008, p. 06.6.
137.
Lang 1857, pp. 11, 350, 352.
138.
Martin 1845, p. 334.
139.
Martin 1845, p. 337.
140.
TNA, CO 209/16, Shortland to Stanley, 6 October 1842.
141.
‘Captain Fitzroy’s Proceedings in Council’, New Zealand Journal, 21 December 1844; ‘Prospects of Settlers’, New Zealand Journal, 1845.
142.
TNA, CO 209/29, 12 October 1844.
143.
‘Taxation’, Southern Cross, June 22 1844.
144.
Hansard HC Deb 15 July 1842 vol 65 cc 202–6; HC Deb 19 April 1844 vol 74 cc 105–125; ‘Votes for the Colonies’, Southern Cross, 14 September 1844.
145.
‘Latest News’, Southern Cross, 16 September 1843.
146.
ATL, MS Papers 1049, W.E. Cormack to Lord Breadalbane, 15 August 1845.
147.
Howe 2009.
148.
‘Petition to the House of Commons’, New Zealand Journal, 16 August 1845.
149.
‘Taxation’, Southern Cross, 22 June 1844.
150.
‘Financial Embarrassments’, Southern Cross, 20 May 1843; ‘Representative Legislation’, Southern Cross, 16 March 1844; Martin 1845, p. 226–7.
151.
Martin 1845, p. 13. See also ‘The Governing and the Governed’, Southern Cross, 21 October 1843.
152.
‘The Last Gazette – Taxation’, Southern Cross, 4 May 1844.
153.
Martin 1845, p. 236.
154.
Martin 1845, p. 17.
155.
Hansard HC Deb 30 July 1845 vol 82 cc 1236–51.
156.
Anon. 1847a, p. 383.
157.
Cheyne 1975, pp. 115–6.
158.
Martin 1845, p. 345.
159.
‘New Zealand Colonization. Third Article’, The Colonist, 28 December 1839.
160.
Stone 1980a; Stenhouse 2011.
161.
New Zealander 21 April 1849. See the letter to Martin’s brother from John Logan Campbell: AWMM, John Logan Campbell papers, Logan Campbell to N. Martin, 22 December 1849. Angus Martin, the Church of Scotland minister, named his son who born in 1850 after his recently deceased brother. Samuel McDonald junior followed in his uncle’s footsteps by migrating to Australia: Scott 1928, p. 180.

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Wallace, V. (2018). Samuel McDonald Martin and Oppositional Politics in Auckland. In: Scottish Presbyterianism and Settler Colonial Politics. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70467-8_11

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