Towards Pan-Latinism

Shawcross, Edward

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70464-7_4

Edward Shawcross⁴

Part of the book series: Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series ((CIPCSS))

432 Accesses
3 Altmetric

Abstract

Chapter 4 explores the shared discourse of pan-Latinism in Mexico and France. By analysing French and Mexican reactions to the Texan revolt (1835–36) and the subsequent US annexation of this former Mexican territory (in 1845) through diplomatic correspondence, newspapers, and the writings of publicists and journalists, as well as the speeches of politicians, this chapter shows that the ideas behind pan-Latinism can be identified earlier than the 1860s: they date back at least to the 1830s. The chapter shows that the Texan revolt (Texas Revolution) was as important, if not more important, in developing anti-Americanism in Latin America and France than the US-Mexican War (1846–48). This has important implications for the French intervention because it places Latinity at the centre of France’s transnational informal imperialism, and identifies the ideas behind it as an important factor in the decision of some Mexican elites to look towards France to further their own vision for the Mexican nation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 119.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 159.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 159.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Louis-Napoléon to General Forey , 3 July 1862; a draft of the letter is in AAE, MD Mexique, 10: ‘Lettre de l’Empereur à General Forey ’, 8 July 1862, and another version dated 14 July 1862 is in the [A]rchives [N]ationales, 400AP/62.
2.
Chevalier, Le Mexique, 478–79.
3.
Delmon, ‘Les acteurs de la politique impériale’; Cunningham, Mexico; Black, Napoleon III. A notable exception is Hanna and Hanna, Napoleon the Third, which argues the French intervention was a “sinister conspiracy against the United States ” that aimed at “superiority for the Latins in America over Anglo-Americans”, 58 and 303–07.
4.
John Leddy Phelan, ‘Pan-Latinism, French Intervention in Mexico (1861–67) and the Genesis of the Idea of Latin America’, in Juan Antonio Ortega y Medina (ed.), Conciencia y autenticidad históricas. Escritos en homenaje a Edmundo O’Gorman (Mexico City: UNAM, 1968), 279.
5.
Ibid., 295–97.
6.
Arturo Ardao, Génesis de la idea y el nombre de América Latina (Caracas: Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos Rómulo Gallegos, 1980), ch. 2; Miguel Rojas Mix, ‘Bilbao y el hallazgo de América Latina: Unión continental, socialista y libertaria…’, Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien, 46 (1986), 35–47. On pan-Latinism and the idea of Latin America see also Jaime Hanneken, ‘Infinite Latinité: French Imperial Discourses between l’Afrique Latine and América Latina’, Contemporary French and Francophone Studies, 17 (2013), 236–44; Walter Mignolo, The Idea of Latin America (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005); Aims McGuiness, ‘Race and Sovereignty in the Americas in the 1850s’, in Nancy Appelbaum, Anne Macpherson and Karin Rosemblatt (eds.), Race and Nation in Modern Latin America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Union latine (ed.), La latinité en question: colloque international, 16–19 mars 2004 (Paris: Institut des Hautes Etudes d’Amérique Latine; Union Latine, 2004); Vicente Romero, ‘Du nominal ‘latin’ pour l’Autre Amérique. Notes sur la naissance et le sens du nom ‘Amérique latine’ autour des années 1850’, Histoire et Sociétés de l’Amérique latine, 7 (1998), 57–89; Paul Estrade, ‘Del invento de ‘América Latina’ en París por latinoamericanos (1856–1889)’, in Jacques Maurice and Marie-Claire Zimmerman (eds.), París y el mundo ibérico e iberoamericano (Paris: Université Paris X-Nanterre, 1998); Guy Martinière, ‘Invention d’un concept opératoire: la latinité de l’Amérique’, in Guy Martinière, Aspects de la coopération franco-brésilienne: transplantation culturelle et stratégie de la modernité (Grenoble: Presses universitaires de Grenoble; Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 1982).
7.
‘Las dos Américas’, El Correo de Ultramar (Paris), 15 February 1857, front and second pages.
8.
Francisco Bilbao , ‘Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un Congreso Federal de las républicas’, in Manuel Bilbao (ed.), Obras Completas, 2 vols. (Buenos Aires: Imprenta de Buenos Aires Calle de Moreno, frente a la casa del Gobierno Provincial, 1865–66), I, 289–90.
9.
See ‘Lettres sur le Mexique. Aspect du pays. – Ancien mexicains’, Journal des débats, 20 July 1837, third and fouth page; ‘Politiques des espagnols dans le nouveau-monde. Mexico’, 1 August 1837, third page; ‘Lettres sur le Mexique. De l’état actuel du Mexique. Mines de Real de Monte, avril 1833’, 7 August 1837, third and fourth page; ‘Lettres sur le Mexique. Système de colonisation des espagnols’, 15 August 1837, third page.
10.
The work was translated into English and Italian and ran to a second French edition published in 1864. In a review, The Economist argued the work reveals the policy of Louis-Napoléon and must have had his approval. ‘M. Chevalier upon Mexico’, The Economist, 2 April 1864, pp. 414–15. This same interpretation is outlined in ‘Chevalier’s Mexico’, The Times, 8 December 1864, p. 7.
11.
Miguel Rojas Mix, Los cien nombres de América: eso que descubrió Colón (Barcelona: Lumen, 1991), 357. An idea restated by Herminio Núñez Villavicencio, ‘Sobre el concepto de identidad latinoamericana’, Cuadernos Americanos, 124 (2008), 181–99, and Mignolo, Latin America, 79. This interpretation is also in the entry for “Latin America” in Barbara Tenenbaum (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Latin American History and Culture, 5 vols. (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1996), III, 391.
12.
Koselleck, Futures Past, 88.
13.
Gobat, ‘The Invention of Latin America’, 1361.
14.
See Henri Favre , ‘Race et nation au Mexique. De l’indépendance à la révolution’, Annales, 49 (1994), 951–76, and Nancy Nichols Barker, ‘The Factor of “Race” in the French Experience in Mexico, 1821–1861’, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 59 (1979), 64–80.
15.
That these two views could co-exist may in part be explained by the fact that within the continuum of civilisation discussed in Chap. 2, it was possible to regress as well as progress. For example, in 1846 Chevalier wrote “after twenty five years [of independence…] Mexico, instead of advancing in civilisation, has gone backwards, it has returned to barbarism”. Chevalier, Des mines, 89.
16.
Michel Chevalier, ‘Variétés. De l’expatriation considérée dans ses rapports économiques, politiques et moraux; par M. S. Dutot. Le Texas et sa Révolution; par M. T. Leclerc, médecin en chef de l’hôpital-général de Tours’, Journal des débats, 23 September 1840, third and fourth pages.
17.
‘Instructions pour Monsieur Martin. Agent Français à Mexico’, 22 December 1825, AAE, CP Mexique, 2.
18.
Schmaltz to Fleury, 16 June 1824, AAE, ADP Mexique, 1.
19.
‘Intérieur. Paris, 29 janvier. Dixième letter. D’une vallée des Vosges, le 25 janvier’. Le Constitutionnel, 30 January 1825, 1–2.
20.
Galos to ‘Messieurs les membres composant la chambre de commerce de Bordeaux’, 19 February 1825; Galos to Tomás Murphy Sr., 6 and 17 May 1826; Murphy Sr. to Rocafuerte, 22 May and 20 June 1826, AHGE, Francia, L. 1; e. 1.
21.
Cochelet to foreign minister, 5 November and 22 November 1830, AAE, CP Mexique, 5; Cochelet to Sébastiani, 13 February 1832. See also same to same, 1 January 1832, AAE CP Mexique, 7.
22.
De Bécourt, ‘Des Rapports de la France’, 60.
23.
Molé , ‘Rapport au Roi’, August 1830, AAE, MD Amérique, 36.
24.
Deffaudis to Broglie , 12 February 1833, and Broglie ’s response, Broglie to Deffaudis , 9 May 1833, AAE, CP Mexique, 8.
25.
See also Deffaudis to Molé , 24 February 1837; same to same, 29 March 1837; same to same, 18 April 1837; same to same, 17 August 1837, AAE, CP Mexique, 11.
26.
Chevalier, Lettres, II, 291.
27.
De Cyprey to Guizot , 12 August 1844, AAE, CP Mexique, 28.
28.
De Cyprey to Guizot , 17 April 1842, AAE, CP Mexique, 22.
29.
De Cyprey to Guizot , 5 November 1841, AAE, CP Mexique, 21.
30.
To the Chamber of Deputies on 10 June 1845 in François Guizot , Histoire parlementaire de France: recueil complet des discours prononcés dans les Chambres de 1819 à 1848, par M. Guizot , 5 vols. (Paris: Michel-Lévy frères, 1863–64), IV, 559–73; to the Chamber of Peers on 12 January and to the Chamber of Deputies on 21 January 1846 in ibid., V, 1–32 and 43–59.
31.
Ibid., V, 21.
32.
Daniel Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 20 and 746; Donald Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, 4 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), Volume II, Continental America, 1800–1867, 128.
33.
Maike Thier, ‘The View from Paris: “Latinity”, “Anglo-Saxonism”, and the Americas, as discussed in the Revue des Races Latines, 1857–64’, International History Review, 33 (2011), 630. On French views of the United States see also Maike Thier, ‘A World Apart, A Race Apart?’, in Axel Körner, Nicola Miller and Adam Smith (eds.), America Imagined: Explaining the United States in Nineteenth-Century Europe and Latin America (New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
34.
Philippe Roger, The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism, trans. Sharon Bowman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), ch. 1.
35.
Henry Blumenthal, A Reappraisal of Franco-American Relations, 1830–1871 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), 74–77.
36.
See René Rémond, Les États-Unis devant l’opinion française, 1815–1852, 2 vols. (Paris: A Colin, 1962).
37.
The French minister to Washington warned that, unless checked, it would lead to global catastrophe, Pageot to Guizot , 15 July 1845 and 29 September 1845, AAE, CP États-Unis, 101.
38.
Cochelet to foreign minister, 16 January 1830, AAE, CP Mexique, 5.
39.
Cochelet to foreign minister, 20 January 1830, AAE, CP Mexique, 5.
40.
David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), 166.
41.
Josefina Zoraida Vázquez, ‘The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective’, in Jaime Rodriguez and Kathryn Vincent (eds.), Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.-Mexican relations (Delaware: SR Books, 1997), 47.
42.
Deffaudis to Broglie , 1 July 1836, AAE, CP Mexique, 10.
43.
‘Memorandum sur Texas’, 8 May 1838, AAE, CP Texas, 1.
44.
Massin in Blanchard and Dauzats, San Juan de Ulùa, 540.
45.
Frédéric Gaillardet , ‘Variétés. Lettres sur la Texas. (Première lettre.) Envahissmens de la race Anglo-Américaine sur le Texas’, Journal des débats, 1 October 1839, third and fourth page.
46.
For Saligny ’s career, see Nancy Nichols Barker, ‘In Quest of the Golden Fleece: Dubois de Saligny and French Intervention in the New World’, The Western Historical Quarterly, 3 (1972), 253–68.
47.
Dubois de Saligny to Soult, 4 May 1840, AAE, CP Texas, 2.
48.
Édouard de Lisle to Soult, 1 January 1840, AAE, CP Mexique, 18.
49.
Deffaudis to Broglie , 29 July 1835, CP Mexique, 9; Deffaudis to Thiers , 1 September 1836, CP Mexique, 10; Massin in Blanchard and Dauzats, San Juan de Ulùa, 543; ‘Memorandum on Texas’, 8 May 1838, AAE, CP Texas, 1. Frédéric Leclerc, ‘Le Texas et sa révolution’, Revue des deux mondes, 21–22 (1840), 220–53; 605–39.
50.
‘Paris, 22 juin’, Journal des débats, 23 June 1836, front and second page.
51.
‘Paris, 2 septembre’, ibid., 3 September 1836, front and second page.
52.
‘Paris, 16 mars’, ibid., 17 March 1839, front and second page.
53.
Hugh Collingham and Robert Alexander, The July Monarchy : A Political History of France, 1830–1848 (London: Longman, 1988), 178–79.
54.
Chevalier to Rafael Mangino y Mendívil, 30 September 1837. AHGE, Francia, L. 14; e. 109.
55.
Louis-Napoléon , Canal of Nicaragua, 7.
56.
Guizot to Sainte-Aulaire, 29 January 1844, Sainte Aulaire to Guizot , 8 Februrary 1844 and same to same, 19 June 1844. AAE, CP Texas, 7; Guizot to Saint-Aulaire, 13 January 1845, same to same, 11 February 1845 and Guizot to Dubois de Saligny , 27 April 1845. AAE, CP Texas, 8. See also Guizot to Alleye de Cyprey , 27 April 1844, AAE, CP Mexique, 26.
57.
Guizot ’s policy as regards Anglo-French cooperation as regards Texas is outlined in Histoire parlementaire, V, 1–32 and 43–59.
58.
Guizot , ibid., V, 21.
59.
Just as Thiers ridiculed Guizot over the threat to the “Spanish race” in 1846, so too he ridiculed Louis-Napoléon over the “Latin race” in 1864. “You will pardon the word I am about to use, but I do not take seriously this idea of Latin races opposed to Saxon races. No, it is not a consideration that deserves attention.” Thiers , Discours, IX, 492.
60.
Chevalier, Lettres, I, x–xi.
61.
The article was a review of Leclerc, ‘Le Texas et sa révolution’.
62.
Michel Chevalier, ‘Variétés. De l’expatriation considérée dans ses rapports économiques, politiques et moraux; par M. S. Dutot. Le Texas et sa Révolution; par M. T. Leclerc, médecin en chef de l’hôpital-général de Tours’, Journal des débats, 23 September 1840, third and fourth pages.
63.
Jesús Velasco Márquez , La guerra del 47 y la opinión pública, 1845–1848 (Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública, 1975); Gene Brack, Mexico Views Manifest Destiny, 1821–1846 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1975).
64.
Over a somewhat bizarre incident, de Cyprey became involved in a fight in an attempt to rescue one of his horses which had been taken hostage. This turned into a street brawl, shots were exchanged and, while fleeing a crowd of angry Mexicans, members the French legation, minister included, were arrested. It is likely that de Cyprey hoped this would precipitate French intervention on his behalf; he therefore broke relations with Mexico and demanded his passport. Before leaving, he further demonstrated his inability to grasp the finer points of diplomacy one evening in the lobby of the Mexico City opera house, where he spat in the face of a Mexican journalist, who had ridiculed him in a national newspaper, and then beat him with his cane. Barker, French Experience in Mexico, 110–13. This was not the only animal-related obstacle to diplomatic relations in North America. In 1841, in Texas, Saligny had one of his servants shoot a pig, which had been accused of attacking the fine linen in the French legation. The pig’s owner threatened Saligny with physical violence and the French chargé d’affaires unilaterally broke relations with Texas, although Paris did not recognise this breach. Nancy Nichols Barker, ‘Devious Diplomat: Dubois de Saligny and the Republic of Texas’, The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 72 (1969), 324–34.
65.
Goury de Roslan to Guizot , 4 April 1846, AAE, CP Mexique, 33.
66.
Goury de Roslan to Guizot , 2 September 1846, AAE, CP Mexique, 34.
67.
Gaspard Théodore Mollien to Guizot , 8 September and 25 October 1847, AAE, CP Mexique, 35.
68.
‘France. Paris, 8 juillet’, Journal des débats, 9 July 1845, front and second page; ‘France. Paris 23 septembre’, ibid., 24 September 1845, front page; ‘France. Paris, 5 juillet’, ibid., 6 July 1847, front page.
69.
Ferry , ‘Guerre entre les États-Unis et le Mexique’, 431. Clavé also argued for French intervention in Mexico in ‘La question du Mexique’, 1029–59.
70.
Benjamin Poucel , Études. Des intérêts réciproques de l’Europe et de l’Amérique. La France et l’Amérique du Sud (Paris: Guillaumin, 1849), 20–21.
71.
Dommartin , Les États-Unis et le Mexique, 5–7.
72.
William Ellery Channing , A letter to the Hon. Henry Clay , on the Annexation of Texas to the United States (Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1837), 20–21.
73.
José Manuel Hidalgo y Esnaurrízar, Apuntes para escribir la historia de los proyectos de monarquía en México desde el reinado de Carlos III hasta la instalación del emperador Maximiliano (Paris: Garnier hermanos, 1868), 16; 18.
74.
See William Fowler, ‘The Texan Revolution of 1835–36 and Early Mexican Nationalism’, in Sam Haynes and Gerald Saxon (eds.), Contested Empire: Rethinking the Texas Revolution (University of Texas at Arlington: A&M University Press, 2015), ch. 4.
75.
Daniel Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 20.
76.
‘Iturbide ’s Message to Congress’, in Poinsett , Notes on Mexico, Appendix, 65–68.
77.
Tenenbaum, The Politics of Penury, xi.
78.
Josefina Zoraida Vázquez, ‘War and Peace with the United States ’, in William Beezley and Michael Meyer (eds.), The Oxford History of Mexico (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 326.
79.
Luis de Onís , Memoria sobre las negociaciones entre España y los Estados-Unidos de América, que dieron motivo al tratado de 1819, con una noticia sobre la estadistica de aquel pais (Madrid: Imprenta de D. M. de Burgos, 1820), 73. Republished under the same title in Mexico: Reimpresa en la oficina a cargo del C. Martin Rivera, 1826.
80.
José María Tornel , Tejas y los Estados-Unidos de América, en sus relaciones con la República Mexicana (Mexico City: Ignacio Cumplido, 1837), 3.
81.
Alamán , ‘Iniciativa de ley’ and ‘Dictamen sobre la independencia de Tejas’, in Obras, II, 523–54.
82.
Alamán , Historia de Méjico, V, 663–66.
83.
‘Mexico, noviembre 10 de 1835’, El Mosquito Mexicano, 10 November 1835, fourth page.
84.
Manuel Eduardo de Gorostiza, Dictamen leido el 3 de Junio 1840 en el Consejo de Gobierno, sobre la cuestion de Tejas (Mexico City: Imprenta de la Casa de Corrección, 1844), 19–20.
85.
‘Mexico: 14 abril de 1835’, El Mosquito Mexicano, 14 April 1835, second and third pages. The link between US expansion and Mexican liberals was a favoured theme of the paper. See, for example, ‘Mexico: 24 abril de 1835’, 24 April, second and third pages; ‘Mexico: 19 mayo de 1835’, 19 May, third and fourth pages; ‘Mexico, junio 30 de 1835’, 30 June 1835, third page.
86.
Zavala , Ensayo histórico, II, 146; 310; See also, Lorenzo de Zavala , Viaje a los Estados-Unidos del Norte de América (Merida de Yucatán: Castillo y compañía, 1846).
87.
Margaret Swett Henson, Lorenzo de Zavala : The Pragmatic Idealist (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1996), 103.
88.
Tornel , Tejas y los Estados-Unidos de América, 97.
89.
Ibid., 89–90.
90.
Gómez Farías , who had admired US institutions, was transformed into “a stout Yankee hater” by events in Texas. Pedro Santoni, Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845–1848 (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1996), 27.
91.
“Exotic plants” was a phrase used by Tornel , Discurso que pronunció el Exmo. Senor General D. José María Tornel y Mendivil, individuo del Supremo Poder Conservador, en la alameda de la ciudad de México, en el día del solemne aniversario de la independencia (Mexico City: Ignacio Cumplido, 1840), 7. The argument was developed to further incorporate the US dimension in a series of editorials entitled ‘La Cuestion del día’, El Tiempo, 12, 13, 17 March and 5 April 1846, all first page.
92.
Gutiérrez de Estrada , Carta dirigida, 58.
93.
Arrangóiz, Méjico desde 1808, III, 159; The French minister, de Cyprey, claimed that Paredes was seeking to set up a constituent congress that would decide in favour of a monarchy as early as 1841, De Cyprey to Guizot , 27 August 1841, AAE, CP Mexique, 20.
94.
Costeloe, Central Republic, 284.
95.
Guillermo Prieto , Memorias de mis tiempos, 1828–1840, 2 vols. (Paris; Mexico City: Vda. de C. Bouret, 1906), II, 178.
96.
Fowler, Tornel and Santa Anna , 241. On Paredes see Frank Samponaro, ‘Mariano Paredes y el movimiento monarquista mexicano en 1846’, Historia Mexicana, 32 (1982), 39–54; Michael Costeloe, ‘Los generales Santa Anna y Paredes y Arrillaga en México, 1841–1843: rivales por el poder o una copa más’, Historia Mexicana, 39 (1989), 417–40; José Antonio Aguilar Rivera, ‘La convocatoria, las elecciones y el congreso extraordinario de 1846’, Historia Mexicana (2011), 531–88; Josefina Zoraida Vázquez, ‘In Search of Power: The Pronunciamientos of General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga’, in Fowler, Malcontents.
97.
‘Manifiesto y plan de San Luis, 14 de diciembre de 1845’, Saint Andrews University ‘Pronunciamiento in Independent Mexico 1821–1876’ database: http://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/pronunciamientos/getpdf.php?id=518
98.
Santoni, Mexicans at Arms, 102–09; Costeloe, Central Republic, 284–92.
99.
Soto, Conspiración, 60; Prieto, Memorias de mis tiempos, II, 179.
100.
‘Editorial’, El Tiempo, 24 January 1846, first page.
101.
‘Post-scriptum: cuatro palabras a La Reforma’, El Tiempo, 26 January 1846, front page.
102.
‘Nuestra profesión de fe’, ibid., 12 February 1846, front page.
103.
‘Parte política’, ibid., 29 January 1846, front page.
104.
See in El Tiempo: ‘Proyectos de los Estados-Unidos’, 13 February; ‘Los padres de la patria’, 18 February; ‘Importante. Proyectos contra El Tiempo. Su acusación’, 20 February; ‘La cuestión del día’, 12, 13, 17 March and 5 April; ‘Parte política’, 18 March; ‘Parte política’, 23 March; ‘Los Estados-Unidos y el clero’, 27 March; ‘Emigración de los Estados-Unidos a Californias’, 16 May 1846, all front page.
105.
‘La Independencia de México amenazada por los Estados Unidos’, ibid., 15 May 1846, front page.
106.
‘Nuestra profesión de fe’, ibid., 12 February 1846, front page.
107.
‘Proyectos de los Estados-Unidos’, ibid., 13 February 1846, front page.
108.
‘Paris, 11 janvier’, Journal des débats, 12 January 1846, second page.
109.
‘Parte política’, El Tiempo, 6 April 1846, front page.
110.
‘Prensa extrangera: La Monarquía constitucional’, ibid., 14 March 1846, second page.
111.
‘Otras cuatro palabras a la Reforma’, ibid., 14 February 1846, front page.
112.
Alamán , Historía de México, V, 589–90.
113.
‘Parte Política’, El Tiempo, 3 March 1846, front page.
114.
‘Parte Política’, ibid., 26 February 1846, front page.
115.
Rivera, ‘La convocatoria’, 535–44.
116.
On representative politics in nineteenth-century Mexico see Erika Pani, ‘Misión imposible: la construcción de la representación política en México, siglo XIX’, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research, 20 (2014), 36–49.
117.
Despatch number 253 dated 29 May 1846 of Bermúdez de Castro , document number XIII in Delgado, Monarquía, 241–44.
118.
A list of those elected can be found in Antonio Aguilar Rivera, ‘La convocatoria’, anexo 1, 582–88.
119.
Zamacois, Historia de Méjico, XII, 428–29. See also de Cyprey to Guizot , 27 February 1846, AAE, CP Mexique, 30.
120.
The response of the republican press to El Tiempo is discussed in Santoni, Mexicans at Arms, 109–14, and Soto, La conspiración, 147–69.
121.
Antonio Haro y Tamariz , Esposición que Antonio Haro y Tamariz dirige a sus conciudadanos, y opiniones del autor sobre la monarquía constitucional (Mexico: Imprenta en el Arquillo de la Alcaiceria, 1846). Haro y Tamariz was in Paris when he wrote this work and it was also published in France (Paris: impr. de H. Fournier, 1846). On Haro y Tamariz see Jan Bazant, Antonio Haro y Tamariz y sus aventuras políticas, 1811–1869 (Mexico City: Colegio de México, 1985).
122.
‘Despedida del Tiempo’, El Tiempo, 7 June 1846, front page.
123.
Alamán and his co-conspirators even had a candidate for the throne, the infante Enrique, Duke of Seville. Delgado, Monarquía, 52–53.
124.
‘Note sur le Mexique. D’après les renseignements fournis par M. le général Paredes . Traduits et rédigé par M. de Mofras’, 4 January 1847, AAE, MD Mexique, 9.
125.
Buenaventura Vivó, Memorias de B. V., Ministro de Mejico en España durante los años 1853, 1854 y 1855 (Madrid: M. Rivadeneyra, 1856), 86.
126.
‘De la necesidad de una alianza sólida y sincera de todos los estados de la América del sud con Francia’, El Correo de Ultramar, 15 December 1852, third page; ‘América’, El Orden (Mexico City), 17 February 1853, p. 2.
127.
On El Universal, see Miguel Ángel Castro and Guadalupe Curiel, Publicaciones periódicas mexicanas del siglo XIX, 1822–1855, 441–46.
128.
‘Emigración europea a los americas’, El Universal, 2, 8, 9, 19, 22 and 30 June 1852, all front page.
129.
‘Moviemiento general’, ibid., 24 May 1854, front page.
130.
Anonymous, El Partido conservador en México (Mexico City: J. M. Andrade and P. Escalante, 1855), 5.
131.
For example, see in La Sociedad: ‘La política norte-americano’, 1 May, front page; ‘El partido liberal y los Estados-Unidos’, 15 May, front page; ‘Proyecto de un periódico frances destilando a defender y propagar en Europa los intereses politicos y materiales de la América Latina’, 10 September 1858, front and second pages.
132.
‘Conveniencia de dar a conocer el estranjero la historia y la situación actual de nuestra país’, La Sociedad, 2 December, front and second pages; ‘Conveniencia de hacer que se conozca en Europa la verdadera situación de México—Peligros que corre nuestra nacionalidad—Un articulo de la “Aurora” de Tehuacan’, ibid., 13 December 1859, front page.
133.
José Ramón Pacheco to Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys , 24 October 1853, AAE, CP Mexique, 41.
134.
Pacheco to el Sr. Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, 10 October 1853, ‘copia’ contained in Pacheco to Almonte , 10 October 1853, AHGE, Estados-Unidos, L. 43; e. 2.
135.
In a pamphlet published in 1833, Pacheco wrote that Mexican “mores” were a mixture of Spanish and French traits. José Ramon Pacheco , Lettres sur le Mexique (Bordeaux: impr. de C. Lawalle neveu, 1833), 41. From 1831 to 1833 Pacheco served as Mexican consul at Bordeaux.
136.
‘La Nueva redacción’, El Correo de Ultramar, 15 March 1860, front page.
137.
‘Variedades: Caracteres de los razas preponderantes’, ibid., 30 June, third page and ‘La Raza latina’, ibid., 15 July 1859, third page.
138.
‘Revista Américana. Nicaragua y los filibusteros oficiales y estra-oficiale. Tratados y reclamaciones’, ibid., 30 November 1858, second and third pages.
139.
Mark Van Aken, Pan-Hispanism: Its Origin and Development to 1866 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), 69–74.
140.
Francisco Muñoz del Monte , ‘España y las Repúblicas Hispano-Americanos’, Revista española de ambos mundos, I (1853), 264.
141.
Francisco Frías y Jacott, Lettre à Sa Majesté l’Empereur Napoléon III sur l’influence française en Amérique à propos du message de M. Buchanan . Par un homme de la race latine (Paris: Ledoyen, 1858), 22.
142.
Ambrosio Montt , Ensayo sobre el gobierno en europa (Paris: Imp. d’Aubusson y Kugelmann, 1859), 359.
143.
Chevalier, Des mines; Ferry , ‘Guerre entre les États-Unis et le Mexique’; Fossey, Le Mexique; Poucel , Études.
144.
Félix Belly , ‘Du conflit anglo-américain et de l’équilibre du nouveau-monde’, Revue contemporaine, 26 (1856), 122; 153.
145.
Jean-Jacques Ampère , Promenade en Amérique; États-Unis, Cuba, Mexique, 2 vols. (Paris: Michel Lévy frères, 1856), II, 71–78; 225.
146.
On this journal, see Thier, ‘The View from Paris’.
147.
Alphone de Lamartine , ‘Littérature américaine. Une page d’histoire naturelle, par M. Audubon—première partie’, Cours familier de literature: un entretien par mois, 118 (1865), 100–01.
148.
Chevalier, Le Mexique, 478–79. Jacques Louis Randon , Louis-Napoléon minister of war at the time of the intervention, explained the rational for the intervention in similarly pan-Latinist terms, Mémoires du maréchal Randon , 2 vols. (Paris: Impr. de Lahure, 1875–77), II, 59–60.
149.
Sara Yorke Stevenson , Maximilian in Mexico: A Woman’s Reminiscences of the French Intervention (New York: Century Co., 1899), 1–6.
150.
Guizot , Histoire parlementaires, IV, 568.
151.
Louis-Napoléon to Forey , 14 July 1862, AN, 400AP/62.
152.
Patricia Lorcin, ‘Rome and France in Africa: Recovering Colonial Algeria ’s Latin Past’, French Historical Studies, 25 (2002), 327. See also Michael Greenhalgh, ‘French Reliance on the Roman Past during the Conquest of Algeria’, War and Society, 16 (1998), 1–28.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Independent Scholar, London, UK
Edward Shawcross

Authors

Edward Shawcross
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shawcross, E. (2018). Towards Pan-Latinism. In: France, Mexico and Informal Empire in Latin America, 1820-1867. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70464-7_4

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70464-7_4
Published: 07 February 2018
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70463-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70464-7
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics