Abstract
The concluding chapter of this book posits a new situated model of washback – one that combines the process of learning in response to a test at both the micro and macro level of learner activity. A chief contribution of the model is that it underscores the powerful influence of interrelated and interdependent stakeholders in directing the washback effect of a test. In light of this wider sociocultural conceptualisation of washback, this chapter further discusses important implications and perhaps obligations for the test makers, the wider community, teachers, researchers and for learners themselves.
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Booth, D.K. (2018). Expanding the Concept of Washback. In: The Sociocultural Activity of High Stakes Standardised Language Testing. English Language Education, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70446-3_11
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