Abstract
The interest in national space legislation, and the importance thereof to regulating space activities conducted by private entities, gives a clear incentive to conduct a comparative analysis of the national space legislation of various states. The research consists of three parts. To frame the rest of the study, the first part discusses the rationale that motivates states to enact national space legislation. The second part discusses, on a country-by-country basis, the national space legislation of selected states. As such, the report discusses, in chronological order from oldest to most recently enacted, the national space legislation of Sweden, the United Kingdom, Australia, China, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Austria, Indonesia, Denmark and New Zealand. In addition, the national space legislation of Luxembourg is discussed to provide an alternative approach towards national space legislation that addresses one particular activity. Thereafter, based on the analyses, the study conducts a comparative analysis between the selected national space laws, ascertaining the common and diverging approaches taken towards regulating space activities conducted by private entities.
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Notes
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- 2.
Irmgard Marboe & Setsuko Aoki, ‘Historical Background and Context’ in Stephan Hobe, Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd, Kai-Uwe Schrogl (eds) & Peter Stubbe (assistant ed), Cologne Commentary on Space Law, vol 3 (Carl Heymanns Verlag 2015), 494 | Christophe Venet, ‘The Economic Dimension’ in Christian Brünner & Alexander Soucek (eds), Outer Space in Society, Politics and Law (SpringerWienNewYork 2011), 55–56 | Julian Hermida, Legal Basis for a National Space Legislation (Kluwer Academic Publishers 2004), xiii | Paul Dempsey, ‘National Laws Governing Commercial Space Activities: Legislation, Regulation, & Enforcement’ (2016) 36 Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 1, 3
- 3.
Mireille Couston, ‘France’ in Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel, Marietta Benkö & Stephan Hobe (eds), Space Law: Basic Legal Documents, vol 5 (Eleven International Publishing 2011), 1–3 | Paul Dempsey, ‘National Laws Governing Commercial Space Activities: Legislation, Regulation, & Enforcement’ (2016) 36 Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 1, 4
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Elisabeth Back Impallomeni, ‘Necessities for the Development of National Space Law’ in Christian Brünner & Edith Walter (eds), Nationales Weltraumrecht/National Space Law (Böhlau 2008), 30
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NPOC Space Law Austria, ‘Austrian Outer Space Act entered into force’ <https://www.spacelaw.at/austrian-outer-space-act/> accessed 7 June 2017 | Michael Listner, ‘A Comprehensive First Look at Denmark’s Domestic Space Law’ (The Space Review, 31 May 2016) <http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2994/1> accessed 8 June 2017 | New Zealand Government, ‘Outer Space and High-Altitude Activities Bill into Law’ (Scoop, 4 July 2017) <http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1707/S00052/outer-space-and-high-altitude-activities-bill-into-law.htm> accessed 5 July 2017
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Lucy Barnard, ‘UAE to Finalise Space Laws Soon’ (The National, 7 March 2016) <http://www.thenational.ae/business/aviation/uae-to-finalise-space-laws-soon> accessed 7 June 2017 | Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, ‘National Space Legislation Prepared’ <http://tem.fi/en/spacelaw> accessed 24 September 2017
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Paul Rincon, ‘Queen’s Speech: Plan Aims to Secure Space Sector’ (BBC, 21 June 2017) <http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40354695> accessed 23 June 2017 | Jeff Foust, ‘Cruz Plans New NASA Authorization and Commercial Launch Bills’ (SpaceNews, 22 March 2017) <http://spacenews.com/cruz-plans-new-nasa-authorization-and-commercial-launch-bills/> accessed 7 June 2017 | Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, ‘Reform of the Space Activities Act 1998’ <https://industry.gov.au/industry/IndustrySectors/space/Pages/Review-of-the-Space-Activities-Act-1998.aspx> accessed 7 June 2017
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Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (adopted 19 December 1966, entered into force 10 October 1967) 610 UNTS 205 [hereinafter: Outer Space Treaty]
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Convention on the International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (adopted 29 March 1972, entered into force 1 September 1972) 961 UNTS 187 [hereinafter: Liability Convention]
- 10.
Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (adopted 12 November 1974, entered into force 15 September 1976) 1023 UNTS 15 [hereinafter: Registration Convention]
- 11.
With respect to the US and Russian laws see: Irmgard Marboe, ‘National Space Law’ in Frans von der Dunk & Fabio Tronchetti (eds), Handbook of Space Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2015), 139–148 | Joanne Gabrynowicz, ‘One Half Century and Counting: The Evolution of U.S. National Space Law and Three Long-Term Emerging Issues’ (2010) 4 Harvard Law and Policy Review 405 | Paul Dempsey, ‘Overview of the United States Space Policy and Law’ in Ram Jakhu (ed), National Regulation of Space Activities (Springer 2010), 373–404 | Petra Vorwig, ‘Regulation of Private Launch Services in the United States’ in Ram Jakhu (ed), National Regulation of Space Activities (Springer 2010), 405–419 | Sergey Malkov & Catherine Doldirina, ‘Regulation of Space Activities in the Russian Federation’ in Ram Jakhu (ed), National Regulation of Space Activities (Springer 2010), 315–333
- 12.
Irmgard Marboe, ‘National Space Law’ in Frans von der Dunk & Fabio Tronchetti (eds), Handbook of Space Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2015), 145
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Act on Launching Objects from Norwegian Territory etc. into Outer Space, no. 38 from 13 June 1969 <http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/nationalspacelaw/norway/act_38_1969E.html> accessed 1 November 2017
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Froehlich, A., Seffinga, V. (2018). Introduction. In: Froehlich, A., Seffinga, V. (eds) National Space Legislation . Studies in Space Policy, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70431-9_1
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