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Role of Nanoparticles in Treatment of Human Parasites

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Nanotechnology Applied To Pharmaceutical Technology

Abstract

Nanobiotechnology is an important field with many new applications. This opportunity has been greatly embraced by the medical research community in the continuous search of novel opportunities for improving disease diagnosis, drug design and delivery. Understanding the mechanisms of disease for the design of new drugs is not enough, and unfortunately, infectious diseases continue to be a major health burden worldwide. Since ancient times, metals and especially silver were known for their antibacterial effects, but these days available methodologies allow the further exploitation of metal in the form of nanoscale materials. Metal nanoparticles are attracting much interest because of their potent antibacterial activity, but many studies have also shown a meaningful activity of metal nanoparticles against viruses, fungi and parasites. This chapter aims to summarize emerging efforts for the application of metallic nanoparticles in the never-ending battle against parasitic diseases. We have focused on four of the major parasitic diseases that afflict millions of people worldwide, specifically malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis. The failure to respond to the increasing demand for effective antiparasitic drugs made imperative to explore new avenues; therefore, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles seem to represent an excellent therapeutic alternative.

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Abbreviations

Ag:

Silver

Ag2O:

Silver oxide

AgNPs:

Silver NPs

AgNPs:

Silver NPs

AK:

Arginine kinase

AmB:

Amphotericin B

Au:

Gold

AuNPs:

Gold NPs

CaO:

Calcium oxide

CL:

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

CNS:

Central nervous system

CQ:

Chloroquine

CQ-r:

CQ-resistant

CQ-s:

CQ-sensitive

CuO:

Copper oxide

DA:

Dopamine

FDA:

Food and drugs administration

FRET:

Fluorescence energy transfer

GSH:

Glutathione S-transferase

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HIV-1:

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1

HPIV-3:

Human parainfluenza virus type 3

HSV-1:

Herpes simplex virus type 1

HSV-2:

Herpes simplex virus type 2

MA:

Meglumine antimoniate

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

MgONPs:

Magnesium oxide NPs

ML:

Muco-cutaneous

MPV:

Monkeypox virus

MRSA:

Methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MRSE:

Methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis

MTT:

Tetrazolium salt colorimetric assay

NE:

Norepinephrine

NO:

Nitric oxide

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PdNPs:

Palladium NPs

PfCRT:

P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transport

PfThzK:

5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolekinase

PZQ:

Praziquantel

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SeNPs:

Selenium nanoparticles

SiO2 :

Silicon dioxide

TbAK:

Trypanosoma brucei AK

TCRV:

Tacaribe virus

TiO2 :

Titanium dioxide

TiO2Ag-NPs:

Silver-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Experimental Medicine Department, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy

    M. E. Della Pepa, F. Martora, E. Finamore, M. Galdiero & G. Franci

  2. Department of Clinical Pathology, Virology Unit, “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona Hospital”, Salerno, Italy

    M. Vitiello

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  1. M. E. Della Pepa
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  2. F. Martora
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  3. E. Finamore
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  4. M. Vitiello
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  5. M. Galdiero
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  6. G. Franci
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Correspondence to G. Franci .

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  1. Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India

    Mahendra Rai

  2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil

    Carolina Alves dos Santos

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Della Pepa, M.E., Martora, F., Finamore, E., Vitiello, M., Galdiero, M., Franci, G. (2017). Role of Nanoparticles in Treatment of Human Parasites. In: Rai, M., Alves dos Santos, C. (eds) Nanotechnology Applied To Pharmaceutical Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70299-5_13

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