Abstract
This chapter examines two Regional Consultative Processes (RCPs) to which Turkey is a partner state: the Mediterranean Transit Migration (MTM) Dialogue and the Budapest Process. Attention is placed on the symbolic function of RCPs in terms of their ability to encourage a sense of community among partner states. Both the opportunism of Turkey’s shifting positionality between East and West and the political conveniences of the EU’s externalisation agenda are left unacknowledged in processes that are conceptualised as techniques of partnership.
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Notes
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- 2.
For example, RCPs emerging since the 1990s: The Budapest Process; The Cross-Border Cooperation Process (Söderköping Process); The Regional Conference on Migration (RCM, Puebla Process); The South American Conference on Migration (SACM); The Regional Ministerial Conference on Migration in the Western Mediterranean (5 + 5 Dialogue); The Mediterranean Transit Migration Dialogue (MTM); The Migration Dialogue for West Africa (MIDWA); The Migration Dialogue for Southern Africa (MIDSA); The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Regional Consultative Process on Migration (IGAD-RCP); The Intergovernmental Asia-Pacific Consultations on Refugees, Displaced Persons and Migrants (APC); The Ministerial Consultations on Overseas Employment and Contractual Labour for Countries of Origin in Asia (Colombo Process); The Ministerial Consultations on Overseas Employment and Contractual Labour for Countries of Origin and Destination in Asia (Abu Dhabi Dialogue); The Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime (Bali Process).
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The ICMPD was founded in 1994 by Austria and Switzerland to deal with migration flows from Eastern Europe. The ICMPD only invented a ‘Southern’ dimension some years later as the Mediterranean became of increasing strategic importance for the EU’s migration agenda.
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ICMPD, The MTM Dialogue 2002–2012: A Multifaceted Approach—an Analysis of the Place, Role and Use of the MTM Dialogue in Support to Regional and National Migration Policy and Strategy Development, Vienna, 2012. p. 6 http://www.imap-migration.org/fileadmin/Editor/Meeting_Doc/MTM_10th_Anniversary/MTM_Anniversary_Malta_final_paper_Jan_2013.pdf (accessed 4 September 2014).
- 6.
Interview—Project Coordinator, ICMPD, November 2014, Skype.
- 7.
As of 2011, the MTM partner states are Algeria, Cape Verde, Egypt, Ethiopia, EU’s 27 member states, Ghana, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey.
- 8.
Interview—High-Ranking Official, Migration Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 2014, Istanbul (Turkey).
- 9.
Interview—Senior Regional Advisor—Silk Routes, ICMPD, December 2014, Istanbul (Turkey).
- 10.
See Devex, Post Arab Spring Turkey flexes its foreign aid muscle, 17 February 2014 https://www.devex.com/news/post-arab-spring-turkey-flexes-its-foreign-aid-muscle-82871 (accessed 3 July 2015).
- 11.
Interview—Project Officer, ICMPD, December 2014, Istanbul (Turkey).
- 12.
Interview, Senior Regional Advisor—Silk Routes, ICMPD, December 2014, Istanbul (Turkey).
- 13.
Budapest Process webpage https://www.budapestprocess.org/about/news/54-a-silk-routes-partnership-for-migration-is-established (accessed 5 May 2016).
- 14.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, The Global Approach to Migration and Mobility, Brussels, 18.11.2011, COM(2011) 743 final.
- 15.
Interview—Project Manager, ICMPD, June 2014, Vienna (Austria).
- 16.
Interview—First Migration Secretary, FCO, January 2013, Ankara (Turkey).
- 17.
Interview—Senior regional adviser, ICMPD, December 2014, Istanbul (Turkey).
- 18.
Interview—High-ranking official, Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 2015, Istanbul (Turkey).
- 19.
It is not suggested that this humanitarian–security nexus only emerged in this period; indeed, the Hague Programme is perhaps the first EU document that explicitly introduced humanitarian rhetoric. However, this discursive practice gained prevalence since the early 2010s, particularly following the deaths of over 300 migrants and refugees off the shores of Lampedusa in October 2013.
- 20.
IOM (2014) Humanitarian Border Management in the Silk Routes Region—Afghanistan , Iraq, and Pakistan, Geneva: IOM, p. XI.
- 21.
Interview—High-Ranking Official Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 2015, Istanbul (Turkey).
- 22.
For an excellent discussion of the emergence of the humanitarian border, see William Walters. Foucault and frontiers: Notes on the birth of the humanitarian border. In: Ulrich, Bröckling, Susan Krasmann and Thomas Lemke ed, Governmentality: Current issues and future challenges. Routledge edn. New York: 2011. pp. 138–164.
- 23.
Interview—Project Officer, ICMPD, June 2014, Vienna (Austria).
- 24.
ICMPD ‘I-Map’ webpage http://www.icmpd.org/i-Map.1623.0.html (accessed 2 January 2016).
- 25.
Interview—High-Ranking Official, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 2014, Istanbul (Turkey).
- 26.
Interview—Project Coordinator, ICMPD, November 2014, Skype.
- 27.
Interview—Project Officer, ICMPD, June 2014, Vienna (Austria).
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Fine, S. (2018). Regional Consultative Processes as Techniques of Partnership. In: Borders and Mobility in Turkey. Mobility & Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70120-2_3
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