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Introduction: Bondage and the Environment in the Indian Ocean World

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Bondage and the Environment in the Indian Ocean World

Part of the book series: Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies ((IOWS))

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Abstract

This chapter sets the context for an examination of the historical relationship between bondage and the environment in the Indian Ocean world (IOW), a vast region, running from Africa to China, upon which the monsoon system and related environmental factors have had great historical influence. Systems of unfree labour existed throughout the IOW but few resembled systems of chattel slavery that characterized the ancient Mediterranean and early modern Atlantic worlds. Chattel slavery, it is argued, applied to a minority of chiefly European-run enclaves in the IOW where a variety of systems of bonded labour emerged and which were strongly affected by environmental factors.

I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, Canada, and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in facilitating the research for, and writing of, this volume.

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Notes

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    See also Gwyn Campbell, “Africa and the Early Indian Ocean World Exchange System in the Context of Human-Environment Interaction,” in Africa and the Early Indian Ocean World Exchange to circa 1300, ed. Gwyn Campbell (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 1–24.

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  38. 38.

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  45. 45.

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  78. 78.

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  79. 79.

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  80. 80.

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  81. 81.

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  83. 83.

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  96. 96.

    William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: Anchor Books, 1976), 231–34.

  97. 97.

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  98. 98.

    Gwyn Campbell, “Servitude and the Changing Face of Demand for Labor in the Indian Ocean World, c.1800–1900,” in Slavery and the Slave Trades in the Indian Ocean World: Global Connections and Disconnections, eds. Bob Harms, Bernard Freamon, and David W. Blight (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 23–44.

  99. 99.

    For example, see Jean Batou, “Muhammad-‘Ali’s Egypt: A Command Economy in the 19th Century?,” in Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery (1800–1870), ed. Jean Batou (Geneva: Droz, 1991), 181–218; Campbell, Economic History; Albert Feuerwerker, China’s Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844–1916) and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958).

  100. 100.

    Sumit Guha, “The Population History of South Asia from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries: An Exploration,” in Asian Population History, eds. Cuirong Liu et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 74; Campbell, “Servitude and the Changing Face of Demand for Labor.”

  101. 101.

    Dennis D. Cordell and Joel W. Gregory, eds., African Population and Capitalism: Historical Perspectives (Boulder: Westview Press, I987). For Madagascar, see Campbell, “The State and Pre-Colonial Demographic History.”

  102. 102.

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    Campbell, “Servitude and the Changing Face of Demand for Labor.”

  104. 104.

    Kim, “Nobi.”

  105. 105.

    Martin Klein, “The Emancipation of Slaves in the Indian Ocean,” in Abolition and its Aftermath in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, ed. Gwyn Campbell (London: Routledge, 2005), 206.

  106. 106.

    Robinson to Hunter, Tamatave, 28 June 1877, cited in Gwyn Campbell, “Unfree Labour and the Significance of Abolition in Madagascar, c.1825–97,” in Abolition and its Aftermath in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, ed. Gwyn Campbell (London: Routledge, 2005), 66–82. see also Campbell, “Unfree Labour and the Significance of Abolition in Madagascar, c.1825–97,” 65–82.

  107. 107.

    Campbell, “Debt and Slavery in Imperial Madagascar, 1790–1861”; Campbell, Economic History; Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his Army and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Afaf Lufti Al-Sayyid Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

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    For example, see Kim, “Debt Slaves in Old Korea”; Campbell, “Debt and Slavery in Imperial Madagascar, 1790–1861.”

  109. 109.

    Ralph A. Austen, “The 19th Century Islamic Slave Trade from East Africa (Swahili and Red Sea Coasts): A Tentative Census,” in Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade, ed. William Gervase Clarence-Smith (London: Cass, 1989), 29, 31, 33; Abdul Sheriff, Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar (London: James Currey, 1987), 226; Campbell, Economic History, 55–56, 238; Edward A. Alpers , Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa: Changing Patterns of International Trade to the Later 19th Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), 151, 185–87.

  110. 110.

    Clare Anderson, “The Bel Ombre Rebellion: Indian Convicts in Mauritius , 1815–53,” in Abolition and its Aftermath, 50–65; see also Samuel Pasfield Oliver, “Sir Robert Townsend Farquhar and the Malagasy Slave Trade,” Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine 15 (1891): 319–21.

  111. 111.

    Edward Balfour, The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, vol. 3 (London: Bernard Quaritch, 1885), 674.

  112. 112.

    Omar A. Eno, “The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath Stigma: The Case of the Bantu/Jareer People on the Benadir Coast of Southern Somalia ,” in Abolition and its Aftermath, 83–89.

  113. 113.

    Suzanne Miers, “Slavery and the Slave Trade in Saudi Arabia and the Arab States on the Persian Gulf , 1921–63,” in Abolition and its Aftermath, 120–36; see also Igor Kopytoff and Suzanne Miers, “African ‘Slavery’ as an Institution of Marginality,” in idem eds., Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977), 72; Suzanne Miers and Martin A. Klein, eds., “Introduction,” in Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa (London: Frank Cass, 1999), 1–2, 4–5.

  114. 114.

    Campbell, “Servitude and the Changing Face of Demand for Labor.”

  115. 115.

    William Gervase Clarence-Smith, “Islam and the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean,” in Abolition and its Aftermath, 137–49; Michael Salman, “The Meaning of Slavery : The Genealogy of ‘an Insult to the American Government and to the Filipino People’,” in Abolition and its Aftermath, 180–97.

  116. 116.

    Hopper, “Debt and Slavery among Arabian Gulf Pearl Divers”; Boomgaard, “Human Capital”; Delaye, “Slavery and Colonial Representations”; Schottenhammer, “Slaves and Forms of Slavery.”

  117. 117.

    Patnaik and Dingwaney, Chains of Servitude, 29–31.

  118. 118.

    Nigel Worden , “Indian Ocean Slavery and its Demise in the Cape Colony ,” in Abolition and its Aftermath, 29–49.

  119. 119.

    Worden, “Indian Ocean Slavery and its Demise”; see also Marina Carter, Servants, Sidars and Settlers: Indians in Mauritius, 1834–1874 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995).

  120. 120.

    Campbell, “Servitude and the Changing Face of Demand for Labor.”

  121. 121.

    For more on Indian indentured labour, see, for example, Sudhansu Bimal Mookherrji, The Indenture System in Mauritius, 1837–1915 (Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1962); Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830–1920 (London: Oxford University Press, 1974); Carter, Servants, Sirdars and Settlers; Hubert Gerbeau, “Engagés and Coolies on Réunion Island, Slavery’s Masks and Freedom’s Constraints,” in Colonialism and Migration: Indentured Labour before and after Slavery, ed. Piet C. Emmer (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986), 209–36; Keya Dasgupta, “Plantation Labour in the Brahmaputra Valley: Regional Enclaves in a Colonial Context,” in Abolition and its Aftermath, 169–79.

  122. 122.

    A. D. Blue, “Chinese Emigration and the Deck Passenger Trade,” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 10 (1970): 80, 83.

  123. 123.

    Adam McKeown, “Global Chinese Migration, 1850–1940,” paper presented at 5th Conference of the International Society for the Study of Chinese Overseas (ISSCO V) Helsignor, Denmark, May 2004. For the traditional view, see, for example, Blue, “Chinese Emigration”; Perisa Campbell, Chinese Coolie Emigration to Countries within the British Empire: To Countries within the British Empire (London: Routledge, 1971).

  124. 124.

    Murakami, “Two Bonded Labour Emigration Patterns.”

  125. 125.

    Maria Jaschok and Suzanne Miers, “Women in the Chinese Patriarchal System: Submission, Servitude, Escape and Collusion,” in Women and Chinese Patriarchy: Submission, Servitude and Escape, eds. Maria Jaschok and Suzanne Miers (London: Zed Books, 1994), 19–20; James Francis Warren, “Chinese Prostitution in Singapore: Recruitment and Brothel Organisation,” in Women and Chinese Patriarchy, 77–105.

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    Gwyn Campbell

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    Gwyn Campbell

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Campbell, G. (2018). Introduction: Bondage and the Environment in the Indian Ocean World. In: Campbell, G. (eds) Bondage and the Environment in the Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70028-1_1

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