Abstract
Ginseng plant (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a famous oriental medicinal plant, and it has many bioactive compounds useful for human. In this work, we reorganized the published papers on the development of large-scale culture system and secondary metabolite production of transformed hairy roots induced from P. ginseng. Hairy roots showed an active branching and fast growth pattern in plant growth regulator-free medium. Hairy roots has a short lag period of 4 days, and then the exponential growth phase continued from 4 to 45 days in the shake flask cultures. During the exponential growth phase, secondary metabolites of hairy roots are lowly accumulated due to relation with non-growth-associated mechanism. To develop large-scale culture system, several kinds of bioreactor systems were applied to cultivate hairy roots. In 20 L air bubble bioreactor, hairy roots have grown 18-fold on a dry weight basis and growth rate of 0.34 day−1 with a 0.2% (w/v) inoculum during 36 days. The introduction of several elicitors stimulates the formation of secondary metabolites and can reduce the cultivation time. Overall, hairy root culture systems are useful and available to mass production of plant-derived products.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akimoto C, Aoyagi H, Tanaka H (1999) Endogenous elicitor-like effects of alginate on physiological activities of plant cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52:429–436
Alfermann AW, Petersen M (1995) Natural product formation by plant cell biotechnology. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 43:199–205
Arshi A, Abdin MZ, Iqbal M (2002) Growth and metabolism of senna as affected by salt stress. Biol Plantarum 45(2):295–298
Bais HP, Suresh B, Raghaoarao KSMS, Ravishankar GA (2002) Influence of exogenous hormones on growth and secondary metabolite production in hairy root cultures of Cichorium intybus L. cv. Lucknow local. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 38:573–580
Ballica R, Ryu DDY, Kado CL (2001) Tropane alkaloid production in Datura stramonium suspension cultures: elicitor and precursor effects. Biotechnol Bioeng 41:1075–1081
Banthorpe DV (1994) Secondary metabolism in plant tissue culture: scope and limitations. Nat Prod Rep 11(3):303–328
Bhadra R, Shanks JV (1995) Statistical design of the effect of inoculum conditions on growth of hairy root cultures of Catharnthus. Biotechnol Tech 9(9):681–686
Bhagwath SG, Hjorts MA (2000) Statistical analysis of elicitation strategies for thiarubrine A production in hairy root cultures of Ambrosia artemisiifolia. J Biotechnol 80(2):159–167
Bourgaud F, Gravot A, Milesi S, Gontier E (2001) Production of plant secondary metabolites: a historical perspective. Plant Sci 161:839–851
Canto-Canché B, Loyola-Vargas VM (1999) Chemicals from roots, hairy roots, and their application. Adv Exp Med Biol 464:235–275
Cho JS, Kim JY, Kim IH, Kim DI (2003) Effect of polysaccharide elicitors on the production of decursinol angelate in Agelica gigas Nakai root culture. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 8:158–161
Edwards VH, Willce CR (1968) Mathematical representation of batch culture data. Biotechnol Bioeng 10:205–232
Falk LR, Doran PM (1996) Influence of inoculum morphology on growth of Atropa belladonna hairy roots and production of tropane alkaloids. Biotechnol Lett 18(9):1099–1104
Fuzzati N, Gabetta B, Jayakar K, Pace R, Peterlongo F (1999) Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometric identification of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots. J Chromatogr A 854:69–79
Gerendas J, Polacco JC, Freyermuth SK, Sattelmacher B (1999) Significance of nickel for plant growth and metabolism. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 162:241–256
Giria A, Narasu ML (2000) Transgenic hairy roots: recent trends and applications. Biotechnol Adv 18:1–22
Hamill JD, Lidgett AJ (1997) Hairy root cultures – opportunities and key protocols for studies in metabolic engineering. In: Doran PM (ed) Hairy roots. Harwood Academic Publishers, Australia
Hooykaas PJ, Schilperoort RA (1992) Agrobacterium and plant genetic engineering. Plant Mol Biol 19(1):15–38
Jeong GT, Park DH (2005a) Comparative evaluation of modified bioreactors for enhancement of growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis using Panax ginseng hairy roots. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 10:528–534
Jeong GT, Park DH (2005b) Enhancement of growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis: effect of elicitors derived from plants and insects. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 10:73–77
Jeong GT, Park DH (2006a) Characteristics of transformed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer hairy roots: growth and nutrient profile. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 11:43–47
Jeong GT, Park DH (2006b) Enhanced secondary metabolite biosynthesis by elicitation in transformed plant root system: effect of abiotic elicitors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 129–132:436–446
Jeong GT, Park DH, Ryu HW, Lee WT, Park K, Kang CH, Hwang B, Woo JC (2002a) Optimum conditions for transformed Panax ginseng hairy roots in flask culture. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 98–100:1129–1139
Jeong GT, Park DH, Hwang B, Park K, Kim SW, Woo JC (2002b) Studies on mass production of transformed Panax ginseng hairy roots in bioreactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 98–100:1115–1127
Jeong GT, Park DH, Hwang B, Woo JC (2003) Comparison of growth characteristics of Panax ginseng hairy roots in various bioreactors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 105–108:493–503
Jeong GT, Park DH, Ryu HW, Hwang B, Woo JC (2004) Effects of inoculum conditions on growth of hairy root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 116:1193–1203
Jeong GT, Park DH, Ryu HW, Hwang B, Woo JC, Kim D, Kim SW (2005) Production of antioxidant compounds by culture of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer hairy roots. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 121–124:1147–1158
Jeong GT, Woo JC, Park DH (2007) Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in genetically transformed hairy roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 12:86–91
Jung NP, Jin EJ, Oh HI (1996) Studies on the physiological and biochemical effects of Korea ginseng. Korean J Ginseng Sci 20:431–471
Jung MY, Jeon BS, Bock JY (2002) Free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolic acids in white and red Korean ginsengs (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Food Chem 79:105–111
Kanokwaree K, Doran PM (1997) Effect of inoculum size on growth of Atropa belladonna hairy roots in shake flasks. J Ferment Bioeng 84(4):378–381
Kwok KH, Doran OM (1995) Kinetic and stoichiometric analysis of hairy roots in a segmented bubble column reactor. Biotechnol Prog 11:429–435
Lee KT, Hirano H, Yamakawa T, Kodama T, Igarashi Y, Shimomura K (2001) Responses of transformed root culture of Atropa belladonna to salicylic acid stress. J Biosci Bioeng 91(6):586–589
Lee JH, Loc NH, Kwon TH, Yang MS (2004) Partitioning of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) from plant cell suspension culture in PEG/sodium phosphate aqueous two-phase systems. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 9(1):12–16
Liu CZ, Guo C, Wang YC, Ouyang F (2003) Comparison of various bioreactors on growth and artemisinin biosynthesis of Artemisia annua L. shoot cultures. Process Biochem 39:45–49
Lopez-Bucio J, Cruz-Ramirez A, Herrera-Estrella L (2003) The role of nutrient availability in regulating root architecture. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:280–287
Mavituna F (1992) Applications of plant biotechnology in industry and agriculture. In: Vardar-Sukan F, Sukan SS (eds) Recent advances in biotechnology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Nam KY (1996) Recent Korea Ginseng. Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon
Nilsson O, Olsson O (1997) Getting to the root: the role of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rol genes in the formation of hairy roots. Physiol Plant 100:463–473
Nobuyuki V, Takesh K (1994) Application of hairy root and bioreactors. In: Ryu DDY, Furusaki S (eds) Advances in plant biotechnology. Elsevier, Netherlands
Park YG, Kim MH, Yang JK, Chung YG, Choi MS (2003) Light-susceptibility of camptothecin production from in vitro cultures of Camptotheca acuminata Decne. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 8:32–36
Ramachandra RS, Ravishankar GA (2002) Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 20:101–153
Rho D, Andre G (1991) Growth and stiochiometry of a Catharanthus roseus cell suspension culture growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 38:579–587
Sajc L, Grubisic D, Vunjak-Novakovic G (2000) Bioreactors for plant engineering: an outlook for further research. Biochem Eng J 4:89–99
Seigler DS (1995) Plant secondary metabolism. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London
Sudha G, Ravishankar GA (2002) Involvement and interaction of various signaling compounds on the plant metabolic events during defense response, resistance to stress factors, formation of secondary metabolites and their molecular aspects. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 71:181–212
Taya M, Yoyama A, Nomura R, Kondo O, Matsui C, Kobayashi T (1989a) Production of peroxidase with horseradish hairy root cells in a two step culture system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 32:291–294
Taya M, Yoyama A, Kondo O, Matsui C (1989b) Growth characteristics of plant hairy roots and their cultures in bioreactors. J Chem Eng Jpn 22(1):84–89
Toyoda H, Hosoi Y, Yamamoto A, Nishiguchi T, Maeda K, Takebayashi T, Ouchi S (1991) Transformation of melon with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Plant Tissue Cult Lett 8:21–27
Uozumi N, Kobayashi T (1994) Application of hairy root and bioreactors. In: Ryu DDY, Furusaki S (eds) Advances in plant biotechnology. Elsevier, New York, pp 307–338
Verpoorte R, Alfermann AW (2000) Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London
Verpoorte R, Heijden R, Hoopen HJG, Memelink J (1999) Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolite pathways for the production of fine chemicals. Biotechnol Lett 21:467–479
Witte CP, Tiller AA, Taylor MA, Davies HV (2002) Addition of nickel to Murashige and Skoog medium in plant tissue culture activates urease and may reduce metabolic stress. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 68:103–104
Woo SH, Park JM, Yang JW (1997) Induction of branch roots by cutting method in Hyoscyamus niger root culture. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 48:131–134
Wu J, Zhong JJ (1999) Production of ginseng and its bioactive compounds in plant cell culture: current technological and applied aspects. J Biotechnol 68:89–99
Yu S, Doran PM (1994) Oxygen requirements and mass transfer in hairy-root culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 44:880–887
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jeong, GT., Park, DH. (2017). Mass Production of Transformed Hairy Root for Secondary Metabolites: A Case Study of Panax ginseng Hairy Roots. In: Malik, S. (eds) Production of Plant Derived Natural Compounds through Hairy Root Culture . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69769-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69769-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69768-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69769-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)