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Electrical and Physical Sensors for Biomedical Implants

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Implantable Sensors and Systems

Abstract

In addition to the electrochemical sensors discussed in Chap. 2, a range of other sensing modalities are also important for biomedical and implantable applications. The frequency-dependent electrical properties of tissues are essential for assessing various physiological parameters. This, for example, can be quantified via electrical bioimpedance measurements, which can be combined and corroborated with electrochemical sensors. The human body is a dynamic system in constant motion; therefore, sensors for the measurement of physical properties such as strain and pressure are also important. Sensors for these applications rely on the measurement of resistance, capacitance, and sometimes inductance, and these will also be discussed in this chapter for completeness. Temperature is an important health marker for various applications, and consequently the current state of the art in temperature sensors is also discussed, in terms of both monolithic integration and discrete sensor solutions. Monitoring of the electrical response of the nervous system and the delivery of stimuli represent an important family of applications for neuroscience research and neuroprosthetic devices. These will be addressed in this chapter, along with various application scenarios. Other aspects to be discussed include sensor metrics, such as sensitivity, limit of detection, stability, linear range, selectivity, and specificity.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Ascorbic acid

AC:

Alternating current

AM:

Amplitude modulation

AMR:

Anisotropic magnetoresistance

ASIC:

Application specific integrated circuit

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BGA:

Ball grid array

BJT:

Bipolar junction transistor

BPF:

Bandpass filter

CF:

Crest factor

CIN:

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

CM:

Conformal mapping

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CMOS:

Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor

CMRR:

Common-mode rejection ratio

CTAT:

Complementary to absolute temperature

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DAC:

Digital-to-analog converter

DBS:

Deep brain stimulation

DC:

Direct current

DDS:

Direct digital synthesis

DIBS:

Discrete interval binary sequence

EIS:

Electrical impedance spectroscopy

EIT:

Electrical impedance tomography

EVD:

External ventricular drain

FEM:

Finite element method

FET:

Field-effect transistor

FFT:

Fast Fourier transform

FOG:

Freezing of gait

FPGA:

Field programmable gate arrays

GF:

Gauge factor

GI:

Gastro-intestinal

GMR:

Giant magnetoresistance

GOD:

Glucose oxidase

HEX:

Hexokinase

HPF:

High-pass filter

I:

In-phase

ICP:

Intracranial pressure

IOP:

Intraocular pressure

ISE:

Ion selective electrode

ISFET:

Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor

LOD:

Limit of detection

LPF:

Low-pass filter

MEG:

Magneto-encephalography

MEMS:

Micro-electro-mechanical systems

MLBS:

Maximum length binary sequence

MOSFET:

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotube

MP:

Magnitude/phase

NMRR:

Normal mode rejection ratio

NTC:

Negative temperature coefficient

OTA:

Operational transconductance amplifier

PAC:

Patient auxiliary currents

PCB:

Printed circuit board

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PEN:

Poly (ethylene naphthalate)

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PI:

Polyimide

PSA:

Prostate specific antigen

PTAT:

Proportional to absolute temperature

Q:

Quadrature

RE:

Reference electrode

RF:

Radio frequency

RMS:

Root mean square

RRF:

Resonance response frequency

RTD:

Resistance temperature detector

SAW:

Surface acoustic wave

SD:

Synchronous demodulation

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SMRR:

Series mode rejection ratio

SNR:

Signal to noise ratio

SOI:

Silicon-on-insulator

SQUID:

Superconducting quantum interference devices

SO:

Sphincter of Oddi

SOM:

Sphincter of Oddi manometry

SRR:

Split ring resonator

SS:

Synchronous sampling

ssDNA:

Single stranded deoxyribonucleic acid

SSI:

Surgical site infection

SWCNT:

Single-walled carbon nanotube

TCR:

Temperature coefficient of resistance

TRUS:

Transrectal ultrasound

UA:

Uric acid

VCCS:

Voltage controlled current source

VOR:

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

ZOH:

Zero-order hold

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    P. Kassanos, S. Anastasova & Guang-Zhong Yang

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Kassanos, P., Anastasova, S., Yang, GZ. (2018). Electrical and Physical Sensors for Biomedical Implants. In: Yang, GZ. (eds) Implantable Sensors and Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69748-2_3

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