Abstract
This chapter draws a comparative analysis of progress on policy reform after five years from the signature of Montreux. Regime theory stresses how reaching an agreement is a stage in the negotiation, not the end of the process and the assessment suggests that PMSC norms are still in the first stage of emergence—and not at the level of the norm cascade. The lack of regularized dialogue among signatories led to the establishment of the Montreux Document Forum.
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Notes
- 1.
(Odell 2001). The more explicit and systematic the use of theoretical concepts, the more powerful the application. Although this method may not test a theory, the case study shows that one or more known theories can be extended to account for a new event.
- 2.
In Asia and Latin America. The proceedings of the regional workshops held by DCAF are available at: http://www.dcaf.ch/Programmes/Private-Security-Governance, accessed September 2014. More regional workshops have been held since then., cf. http://www.mdforum.ch. Accessed August 2017.
- 3.
All participating States were asked to complete a questionnaire; it can be found at: http://www.eda.admin.ch/etc/medialib/downloads/event/event1.Par.0001.File.tmp/Montreux5_Questionnaire_2013.pdf. Accessed October 8, 2013.
- 4.
Oran Young synthesizes the positive and negative conclusions (“political scientists tend to find evidence of the significance of regimes in addressing environmental problems. The quantitative case studies, arguably reflecting skeptical attitudes to governance systems common among economists, typically raise doubts about the roles that regimes play”). He adds that the large N studies have sought to move beyond this divide but the three works he cites carry mistakes in the titles that are misleading insofar as they tend to over-emphasize success beyond the environmental sphere (Young 1980).
- 5.
Interviews, January 2014.
- 6.
Gumedze writes that the document states that DIRCO will, among other things “consider, supporting and participating in the Swiss Government’s initiative to disseminate the Montreux Document on Private Military and security Companies.”
- 7.
Perret writes: the States of origin (of Third Country Nationals ) may not fall under the current categories of Contracting, Territorial, or Home States. For example, in Chile’s situation, some of its citizens were contracted by US companies through non-US- based hiring firms under contracts that referenced neither Chilean nor US law. The Montreux Document’s State categories do not directly address this situation.
- 8.
Interviews, Geneva, July 2014.
- 9.
Interviews, South African ambassador, July 2014.
- 10.
Montreux +5 , Chairs’ conclusions, available at: http://www.eda.admin.ch/Montreux+5
- 11.
For example the introduction of a Serious Incident Report for abuses; a Federal Contractors database.
- 12.
- 13.
Perrin identifies three types of violations: (1) International crimes (specifically, genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes); (2) International human rights violations (e.g., preventing the right to peaceful assembly, arbitrary detention, and degrading treatment); (3) Ordinary crimes (e.g., murder, sexual assault, theft, and dangerous use of a firearm).
- 14.
Author’s Interview, February 2015. The first such event took place on December 16, 2014. A website was launched this year: http://mdforum.ch/. Accessed November 2015.
- 15.
The third stage happens when norms are internalized. Finnemore and Sikkink , Op. Cit. See Appendix A for a list of states that endorsed the Montreux Document.
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Boggero, M. (2018). Testing PMSC Norms. In: The Governance of Private Security . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69593-8_4
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