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Australia’s Middle Power Imagining

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Australian Foreign Policy in Asia

Part of the book series: Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific ((CSAP))

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Abstract

This chapter surveys the two major streams of middle power imagining that contend at the heart of Australia’s foreign policy making. The imperialist stream seeks to keep Australia within a security arrangement that advocates alliances with ‘great and powerful friends.’ This arrangement saw Australian foreign policy effectively determined by Britain right up until the disastrous defeat of the British and their allies (including many Australians) in Singapore in 1942. Australia then shifted its security gaze to the United States, a gaze that intensified as the Cold War also intensified. The alternative to the imperialist stream is the internationalist stream. The chapter notes how this saw advocates for a foreign policy recognizing Australia’s national interest required coming to grips with the country’s geopolitical location on the edge of Asia. These streams and their various advocates and critics have seen Australia become a dependent middle power.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ‘Our colonial-born brethren are best known here by the name of Currency, in contradistinction to Sterling, or those born in the mother-country […] Our currency lads and lasses are a fine interesting race, and do honour to the country whence they originated.’ (Cunningham 1827, p. 53).

  2. 2.

    Although it is noteworthy that about a decade later the British government was prepared to offer Dominion status to ‘whatever states were to emerge from the Raj [India] within the re-labelled British Commonwealth’ (Anderson 2017, p. 14). In effect this amounted to a bribe to try to keep the Raj intact, at least on the sub-continent. Such an offer would have been anathema to Menzies, among other influential voices in Australia aping British manners and clinging to a resolute belief in Australia’s superior white Dominion standing within the unsettling (to them) new Commonwealth (Kuruppu 2004, ch. 3).

  3. 3.

    Australian citizens convicted of drug smuggling offences. Corby served an almost decade-long Indonesian prison sentence until she was paroled early in 2014 before returning to Australia in 2017. Seven of the Bali Nine are serving prison sentences in Indonesia; two were executed in April 2015 by the Indonesian authorities (McKenzie-Murray 2015, p. 1 and pp. 10–11).

  4. 4.

    The terms are more Menzies’ than Evatt’s, though it is unlikely that Evatt would have found them objectionable. See Goldsworthy (2002, p. 22).

  5. 5.

    See, for example Fraser’s speeches criticizing Ian Smith’s regime in Rhodesia, and apartheid in South Africa, available in the Malcolm Fraser Collection, Ballieu Library University of Melbourne: http://www.unimelb.edu.au/malcolmfraser/collection/ (accessed 9 October 2012). See also Ayers (1987), Fraser and Simons (2010).

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Patience, A. (2018). Australia’s Middle Power Imagining. In: Australian Foreign Policy in Asia . Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69347-7_3

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