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The Kalahari Craton, Southern Africa: From Archean Crustal Evolution to Gondwana Amalgamation

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Geology of Southwest Gondwana

Part of the book series: Regional Geology Reviews ((RGR))

Abstract

The Kalahari Craton comprises all Archean to Mesoproterozoic rocks of southern Africa, which are surrounded by Pan-African orogenic belts that resulted from the amalgamation of Gondwana. Progressive crustal growth and accretion of minor crustal blocks is recorded during the Archean and also involved reworking of Hadean crustal remnants, suggesting modern plate tectonics was already operating in the late Neoarchean. The first widespread Paleoproterozoic tectonomagmatic event is recorded by intracontinental magmatism of the Bushveld Complex and the Okwa Terrane, and coeval magmatism in the Limpopo Belt, which separates the Archean Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons. Afterwards, Paleoproterozoic transpression took place along the Limpopo Belt and was contemporaneous with the Magondi Orogeny. Subsequent addition of juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust took place along the western margin of the proto-Kalahari Craton, as recorded by the Rehoboth Basement Inlier. During the Mesoproterozoic, subduction zones were present all around the Archean-Paleoproterozoic proto-Kalahari Craton. The accretion of several microcontinents and island arcs along the southern margin gave rise to the Namaqua-Natal Orogeny. Tonian to Cryogenian intraplate magmatism was finally succeeded by the incorporation of the Kalahari Craton into Gondwana during the protracted Late Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic Pan-African Orogeny.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are greatly indebted to Stephen McCourt for his observations and comments, which greatly improved the manuscript. Filiz Afşar is acknowledged for his assistance with GIS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geoscience Centre, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Sebastián Oriolo

  2. CONICET-UBA. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Sebastián Oriolo

  3. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), 3 avenue Claude-Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France

    Thomas Becker

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  1. GZG—Structural Geology and Geodynamics University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Siegfried Siegesmund

  2. Geosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Miguel A. S. Basei

  3. Departamento de Geodinámica Interna, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Pedro Oyhantçabal

  4. GZG—Structural Geology and Geodynamics University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Sebastian Oriolo

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Oriolo, S., Becker, T. (2018). The Kalahari Craton, Southern Africa: From Archean Crustal Evolution to Gondwana Amalgamation. In: Siegesmund, S., Basei, M., Oyhantçabal, P., Oriolo, S. (eds) Geology of Southwest Gondwana. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68920-3_6

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