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The African Metallotects of Southwest Gondwana

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Geology of Southwest Gondwana

Part of the book series: Regional Geology Reviews ((RGR))

Abstract

The African portion of Southwest Gondwana is endowed with an enormous wealth of mineral resources. Certain types of ore deposits occur in metallotects that share common geological and metallogenetic features. These can include host rocks, the age and mode of origin of the mineralisation, the commodity elements or minerals, and the geodynamic significance of formation. This chapter describes metallotects that are significant for the regional and supraregional geological and plate tectonic evolution, and bear metallogenetically and economically important mineral resources. The size of metallotects or individual deposits described here is variable, from the world-class Cu-Co-resource of the Central African Copperbelt (CACB) to economically insignificant but metallogenetically relevant tin deposits in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. The chapter includes settings such as Late Mesoproterozoic extensional, volcanosedimentary continental to shallow marine basins with the deposits contained therein. It also describes the Neoproterozoic, more continuous, deeper-water and locally seafloor-basalt-bearing Damara Belt with its metabasalt-hosted massive sulphide Cu–Zn deposits and sediment-hosted Pb–Zn deposits along the basin margins. However, for some of the metallotects, the age of the mineralisation is epigenetic and unrelated to the period of deposition of the host rocks. The comparatively poorly exposed, studied and explored West Congo Belt is also included, particularly since it bears a lithologically, structurally and metallogenetically strong resemblance to the Damara Belt further south. Orthomagmatic copper sulphide deposits, such as the ones of the Mesoproterozoic Okiep District, represent a comparatively small but historically and metallogenetically important metallotect in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. In contrast, ore deposits related to highly fractionated felsic to exotic magmatic rocks have formed during the late to post-orogenic stages in collisional plate tectonic settings.

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Acknowledgements

Staff of Skorpion Mine, Rosh Pinah Mine, the Aggeneys mines, Navachab Mine, and Eiseb Prospecting and Mining (Pty) Ltd. are acknowledged for allowing access to their operations and sharing valuable knowledge during informative discussions. Markus Schaefer, Vedanta Resources plc is acknowledged for providing up-to-date information about tonnages and grades for the Aggeneys and Skorpion deposits. Hartwig Frimmel is gratefully acknowledged for his thorough review of a first draft, which has helped to improve the quality of this chapter. We gratefully acknowledge Anna Friebel for her draft work on the maps and figures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Economic Geology and Petrology Research Unit, Institute of Geosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

    Gregor Borg

  2. Landesamt für Geologie und Bergwesen (Geological Survey, Sachsen-Anhalt), Halle, Germany

    Christoph Gauert

  3. Department of Geology, University of the Free State, 250 Nelson-Mandela-Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa

    Christoph Gauert

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  1. Gregor Borg
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Correspondence to Gregor Borg .

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  1. GZG—Structural Geology and Geodynamics University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Siegfried Siegesmund

  2. Geosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Miguel A. S. Basei

  3. Departamento de Geodinámica Interna, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Pedro Oyhantçabal

  4. GZG—Structural Geology and Geodynamics University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Sebastian Oriolo

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Borg, G., Gauert, C. (2018). The African Metallotects of Southwest Gondwana. In: Siegesmund, S., Basei, M., Oyhantçabal, P., Oriolo, S. (eds) Geology of Southwest Gondwana. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68920-3_23

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