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Suturing Gondwana in the Cambrian: The Orogenic Events of the Final Amalgamation

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Book cover Geology of Southwest Gondwana

Part of the book series: Regional Geology Reviews ((RGR))

Abstract

Gondwana was consolidated in the late Cambrian after 180 myr of tectonic convergence among Neoproterozoic paleocontinents and smaller fragments. We present a compilation of 55 orogens that record its final amalgamation. Collisional events are registered by the metamorphic peak assemblages and contractional deformational structures. Two main periods of orogenic activity are recognized. The first at c. 670–575 Ma includes few orogens (c. 15) but over larger areas. During this stage, the Saharan, West African, São Francisco-Congo and Paranapanema paleocontinents, along with the Arabian Nubian shield that consisted of juvenile Tonian terranes and some East African Orogen microcontinents, were accreted to form the proto-Gondwana core. The second stage, at 575–480 Ma, incorporated more orogens, c. 40, that sutured the Amazonia, Rio de La Plata, Kalahari, Dhawar, East Antarctica and Australian paleocontinents. The collisional orogen pattern throughout both western and eastern Gondwana is similar, indicating that although Gondwana was built up by the convergence of distinct paleocontinents, their approximation might be orchestrated by global geodynamics. In SW Gondwana, the opening of c. 610–570 Ma basins, some with oceanic crust, coincided with the suturing of the proto-Gondwana core. They were rapidly formed but even more quickly inverted during the second and last 575–480 Ma collisional stage, represented by the major east–west Kuunga and north–south South Atlantic belts. We propose that the 570–500 Ma collision of the Damara-Lufilian-Zambesi belt was coeval with the Cuchilla Dionisio-Saldania-Gariep-Dom Feliciano-Kaoko-Ribeira-Cabo Frio orogens. This South Atlantic orogenic system consists of the main SW Gondwana suture, reactivated 350 myr later to form the South Atlantic Ocean. The suture is preserved by old orogenic high-pressure and oceanic-derived rocks on the actual conjugate continental margins.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the careful reviews from Sebástian Oriolo and Rudolph Trouw. Renata Silva Schmitt thanks the CNPq for research grant 309216/2015-0. Alan S. Collins is supported by Australian Research Council Future Fellowship FT120100340 and his contribution forms TRaX Record #392. This chapter is a product of the project ‘Revisão do mapa geológico do Gondwana’, a collaboration between PETROBRAS and UFRJ, and a contribution to IGCP-628 ‘The Gondwana Map and the tectonic evolution of Gondwana’.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, Brazil

    Renata da Silva Schmitt & Rafael de Araújo Fragoso

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration (TRaX), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia

    Alan Stephen Collins

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  1. Renata da Silva Schmitt
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  2. Rafael de Araújo Fragoso
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  3. Alan Stephen Collins
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Correspondence to Renata da Silva Schmitt .

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  1. GZG—Structural Geology and Geodynamics University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Siegfried Siegesmund

  2. Geosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Miguel A. S. Basei

  3. Departamento de Geodinámica Interna, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Pedro Oyhantçabal

  4. GZG—Structural Geology and Geodynamics University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Sebastian Oriolo

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Schmitt, R.d.S., Fragoso, R.d.A., Collins, A.S. (2018). Suturing Gondwana in the Cambrian: The Orogenic Events of the Final Amalgamation. In: Siegesmund, S., Basei, M., Oyhantçabal, P., Oriolo, S. (eds) Geology of Southwest Gondwana. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68920-3_15

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