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Greek Soil Law

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Part of the book series: International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy ((IYSLP,volume 2017))

Abstract

Greek Soil Law consists of statutory provisions on the prevention and remediation of adverse effects on soil, which are set out in a plethora of laws. These are the Environmental Protection Law, the legislation on Desertification and Drought, the legislation on Agriculture, the Legislation on Environmental Liability and the Legislation on Solid and Hazardous Waste. The relevant provisions, along with their sources, are described in this chapter. As court judgments on addressing soil-related legal issues are rather scarce and cryptic, some randomly selected administrative acts ordering soil remediation are portrayed and criticised in order to offer an insight to practice, highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the existing legal frame and offer some suggestions on questions currently open that need to be addressed.

Greek Soil Law is not codified in a single statute, although that could be reasonably expected in view of the continental legal system of Greece and especially the strong influence of the German law tradition. The statutory provisions providing for duties and rights relating to controlling both nature- and man-caused adverse effects to the soil are foreseen in laws principally adopting a wider environmental protection aim or regulating human activities. Further, the majority of these laws are the result of the state complying with obligations deriving from public international law or the European Union, as Greece has joined the—then—European Communities in 1981. Hence, where applicable, the ratified international treaty or the implemented EU legislation is provided, along with the French and German terminology, for the purpose of ensuring excellent understanding of the legal terms. More specifically, the laws setting out soil-related provisions in the order examined therein are the Environmental Protection Law, which sets out a general frame for protection of the environment; the legislation on Desertification and Drought, which has been enacted in order to fulfil the state’s obligations after joining the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; the legislation on Agriculture, which regulates the use of fertilisers and livestock manure, as well as sewage sludge; the Legislation on Environmental Liability, which implements the Environmental Liability Directive of the European Union; and the Legislation on Solid and Hazardous Waste, which contains provisions vital to soil remediation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Section 1(1) EnvPL.

  2. 2.

    Section 1(2) ibid.

  3. 3.

    Section 1(3) ibid.

  4. 4.

    Section 11(1) ibid.

  5. 5.

    Sections 31(9) and 21 Law No 4014/2011.

  6. 6.

    Section 30(2) EnvPL.

  7. 7.

    Section 29 ibid.

  8. 8.

    Section 28(1)(a) ibid.

  9. 9.

    Section 28(3)(a) 1st sentence ibid.

  10. 10.

    Section 28(3)(a) 2nd sentence ibid.

  11. 11.

    Section 4(1) Law No 2225/1994.

  12. 12.

    Section 28(2) EnvPL.

  13. 13.

    Section 28(1)(b) ibid.

  14. 14.

    Section 28(6) ibid.

  15. 15.

    Article 1(a) UNCCD.

  16. 16.

    Article 1(b) ibid.

  17. 17.

    Article 1(c) ibid.

  18. 18.

    Article 1(d) ibid.

  19. 19.

    Article 3(a) ibid.

  20. 20.

    Article 3(b) ibid.

  21. 21.

    Article 3(c) ibid.

  22. 22.

    Article 3(d) ibid.

  23. 23.

    Preamble to Ministerial Decree No 99605/3719/2001 (hereinafter ‘DesertDe’).

  24. 24.

    Article 5(a) UNCCD.

  25. 25.

    Article 5(b) ibid.

  26. 26.

    Article 5(c) ibid.

  27. 27.

    Article 5(d) ibid.

  28. 28.

    Article 5(e) ibid.

  29. 29.

    These are Law No 2742/1999 and Law No 2508/1997.

  30. 30.

    Annex section 1(6) DesertDe.

  31. 31.

    Annex section 1(8) ibid.

  32. 32.

    Annex section 1(9) ibid.

  33. 33.

    Annex section 2(1) ibid.

  34. 34.

    Annex section 2(2) ibid.

  35. 35.

    Annex section 2(3) ibid.

  36. 36.

    Article 2(a) Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003.

  37. 37.

    Recital no 15 to ibid.

  38. 38.

    COM/2001/0508 final, para 1.1.

  39. 39.

    CES0022/2002, para 3.2.

  40. 40.

    Ibid para 1.4; Recitals no 11 and 12 to Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003.

  41. 41.

    Articles 14(c), 3(2) and 5(2) ibid. Article 14 has been adapted from article 8 Council Directive 89/530/EEC. This had amended Council Directive 76/116/EEC, which has been repealed by Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003.

  42. 42.

    Article 3(1) Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003.

  43. 43.

    Article 15(1) ibid. Article 15 has been adapted from Article 9 Council Directive 80/876/EEC, which has been repealed by Regulation (EC) No. 2003/2003. Directive 80/876/EEC however makes mention of hazard (‘κίνδυνο’ in Greek, ‘danger’ in French, ‘Gefahr’ in German). Hence, the relevant threshold has been lowered in Regulation (EC).

  44. 44.

    Section 11A FeL.

  45. 45.

    Section 11(1)(h) ibid.

  46. 46.

    Hazard has the meaning set out in Annex I Parts 2 (physical hazards, including explosives, flammable gases, aerosols, oxidising gases, gases under pressure, flammable liquids, flammable solids, self-reactive substances and mixtures, pyrophoric liquids, pyrophoric solids, self-heating substances and mixtures, substances and mixtures which in contact with water emit flammable gases, oxidising liquids, oxidising solids, organic peroxides and corrosive to metals), 3 (health hazards, including acute toxicity, skin corrosion/irritation, serious eye damage/eye irritation, respiratory or skin sensitisation, germ cell mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, specific target organ toxicity—single exposure, specific target organ toxicity—repeated exposure and aspiration hazard), 4 (environmental hazards, including hazardous to the aquatic environment) and 5 (additional hazards, including hazardous to the ozone layer) Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.

  47. 47.

    Section 11(1)(i) FeL.

  48. 48.

    Section 11(1)(p) ibid.

  49. 49.

    Section 11(1)(r) ibid.

  50. 50.

    Section 11(1)(h), (i), (p) and (r) ibid.

  51. 51.

    Section 3(3)(c) LiMaDe. The national provision is narrower than the European one, which sets out that such waste products also in processed form fall under the notion of livestock manure. Article 2(g) Council Directive 91/676/EEC.

  52. 52.

    Section 1(A) last sentence FeL.

  53. 53.

    Section 1 LiMaDe and section 3 Ministerial Decree 16190/1335/1997.

  54. 54.

    Sections 7(1) and 3(2)(c) LiMaDe. Section 3(2)(c) LiMaDe corresponds to Article 2(f) Directive 91/676/EEC.

  55. 55.

    Section 7(2)(a)(i) and (ii) LiMaDe.

  56. 56.

    Section 7(2)(b)(i) and (ii) ibid.

  57. 57.

    Section 7(2)(b)(iii) ibid.

  58. 58.

    Section 7(4)(a) – (i) ibid.

  59. 59.

    Section 7(9) ibid.

  60. 60.

    Section 7(10) ibid.

  61. 61.

    Section 7(14) ibid.

  62. 62.

    Sections 7(4) last sentence and 5(1) ibid.

  63. 63.

    Section 7(2) and (17) ibid.

  64. 64.

    Section 7(4) 4th sentence ibid.

  65. 65.

    Section 7(6) ibid.

  66. 66.

    Section 7(7) ibid.

  67. 67.

    Section 7(13) ibid.

  68. 68.

    Section 7(15) ibid.

  69. 69.

    Section 7(10)(a) ibid.

  70. 70.

    Section 7(10)(b) and (c) ibid.

  71. 71.

    Section 7(11) ibid.

  72. 72.

    Section 7(1) Ministerial Decree 16190/1335/1997.

  73. 73.

    Section 1 SeSlDe, which corresponds to Article 1 Directive 86/278/EEC.

  74. 74.

    These are: Cadmium 1–3 mg/kg; Copper 50–140 mg/kg; Nickel 30–75 mg/kg; Lead 50–300 mg/kg; Zinc 150–300 mg/kg; and Mercury 1–1.5 mg/kg. Section 3 and Annex IIA SeSlDe, which corresponds to Article 4 and Annex 1A Directive 86/278/EEC.

  75. 75.

    These are: Cadmium 20–40 mg/kg; Copper 1000–1750 mg/kg; Nickel 300–400 mg/kg; Lead 750–1200 mg/kg; Zinc 2500–4000 mg/kg; and Mercury 16–25 mg/kg. Section 3 and Annex IIB SeSlDe, which corresponds to Article 4 and Annex 1B Directive 86/278/EEC.

  76. 76.

    These are: Cadmium 0.15 kg/ha/yr; Copper 12 kg/ha/yr; Nickel 3 kg/ha/yr; Lead 15 kg/ha/yr; Zinc 30 kg/ha/yr; and Mercury 0.1 kg/ha/yr. Section 3 and Annex IIC SeSlDe, which corresponds to Article 4 and Annex 1C Directive 86/278/EEC.

  77. 77.

    Approval of environmental conditions is regulated in Law No 1650/1986 and Ministerial Decree No 69269/5387/1990, which implemented, among others, Council Directive 85/337/EEC, as amended. This directive has been repealed by Directive 2011/92/EU, which has not yet been implemented in Greece.

  78. 78.

    Section 4(1)(a) SeSlDe.

  79. 79.

    Section 4(1)(b) ibid.

  80. 80.

    The exact information is foreseen in Annex II A ibid, which corresponds to Annex II A Directive 86/278/EEC.

  81. 81.

    Section 7(1) SeSlDe.

  82. 82.

    Section 7(a)–(d) ibid, which corresponds to Article 10 Directive 86/278/EEC.

  83. 83.

    Section 7(2) SeSlDe, which corresponds to Article 11 Directive 86/278/EEC.

  84. 84.

    Section 4(2) SeSlDe.

  85. 85.

    Section 4(2)(a.1) ibid.

  86. 86.

    Section 4(2)(a.3) ibid.

  87. 87.

    Section 4(2)(a.2) ibid.

  88. 88.

    Section 5 ibid, which corresponds to Article 7 Directive 86/278/EEC.

  89. 89.

    Section 4(2)(a.5)(ii)(a) and (b) SeSlDe, which corresponds to Article 8 Directive 86/278/EEC.

  90. 90.

    As the Member States’ obligation set out in Article 5(1) ibid.

  91. 91.

    Section 4(2)(a.5)(i)(a) and (b) SeSlDe, which corresponds to Article 5(2)(a) and (b) Directive 86/278/EEC.

  92. 92.

    Section 4(2)(a.4) SeSlDe, which corresponds to Article 6(a) Directive 86/278/EEC.

  93. 93.

    Section 8(2) SeSlDe.

  94. 94.

    Section 11(1) ibid and sections 28, 29 and 30 EnvPL.

  95. 95.

    Section 11(2) SeSlDe.

  96. 96.

    Section 2 EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 1 Directive 2004/35/EC. Siouti (2011), p. 295.

  97. 97.

    Section 3(1)(a), (b) and (c) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 2(1)(a), (b) and (c) ibid.

  98. 98.

    These activities are: set out in Annex III EnvLL, which corresponds to Annex III Directive 2004/35/EC.

  99. 99.

    Section 4(1)(a) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 3(1)(a) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  100. 100.

    Section 4(4) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 3(3) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  101. 101.

    Section 3(9) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 2(9) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  102. 102.

    Section 8(1) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 5(1) and (2) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  103. 103.

    Section 8(2)(a), (b) and (c) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 5(3)(a), (b) and (c) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  104. 104.

    Section 8(2)(d) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 5(3)(d) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  105. 105.

    Section 9(1)(a) and (b) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 6(1)(a) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  106. 106.

    Section 9(1)(c) and (d) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 6(1)(b) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  107. 107.

    Section 9(2)(a) and (b) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 6(2)(a) and (b) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  108. 108.

    Section 9(2)(c) and (d) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 6(2)(c) and (d) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  109. 109.

    Section 9(3) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 6(3) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  110. 110.

    Section 11(1) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 8(1) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  111. 111.

    Section 11(2) and (3) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 8(2) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  112. 112.

    Section 11(4)(a) and (b) EnvLL, which corresponds to Article 8(3) Directive 2004/35/EC.

  113. 113.

    Section 2(a) SolidWaDe, which corresponds to Article 1(a) Directive 2006/12/EC.

  114. 114.

    These categories are set out in Annex IA SolidWaDe, which corresponds to Annex I Directive 2006/12/EC.

  115. 115.

    Section 1 SolidWaDe. 442/442/EEC has been repealed by Directive 2006/12/EC, which itself was later repealed by Directive 2008/98/EC.

  116. 116.

    Section 4(1)(a) SolidWaDe, which corresponds to Article 4 Directive 2006/12/EC.

  117. 117.

    Section 4(2) SolidWaDe.

  118. 118.

    Section 9(1)(a) and (b) ibid.

  119. 119.

    Section 9(1)(c) ibid.

  120. 120.

    Properties of waste which render it hazardous are: H1 ‘explosive’, H2 ‘oxidizing’, H3-A ‘highly flammable’, H3-B ‘flammable’, H4 ‘irritant’, H5 ‘harmful’, H6 ‘toxic’, H7 ‘carcinogenic’, H8 ‘corrosive’, H9 ‘infectious’, H10 ‘toxic for reproduction’, H11 ‘mutagenic’, H12 Waste which releases toxic or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an acid, H13 ‘sensitizing’, H14 ‘ecotoxic’, H15 Waste capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another substance, e.g. a leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics listed above. Annex III Law No 4042/2012, which corresponds to Annex III Directive 2008/98/EC.

  121. 121.

    Section 11(2) Law on Waste, which corresponds to Article 3(2) ibid.

  122. 122.

    Annex to 2000/532/EC: Commission Decision.

  123. 123.

    Section 1 HazWaDe.

  124. 124.

    Section 4(1)(a) ibid.

  125. 125.

    Section 4(2)(a), (b) and (c) ibid.

  126. 126.

    Section 4(3) ibid.

  127. 127.

    Sections 9 and 11(4)(e) ibid.

  128. 128.

    Section 12(1) and (2)(a) ibid.

  129. 129.

    Section 12(2)(b) ibid.

  130. 130.

    Section 12(3) ibid.

  131. 131.

    Mpalis (1961), p. 8.

  132. 132.

    Section 974 Greek Civil Code.

  133. 133.

    Vathrakokoilis (2007), p. 158.

  134. 134.

    Mpalis (1961), p. 8; Georgiades (2010), p. 165.

  135. 135.

    The Study p. 32.

  136. 136.

    Ibid p. 33.

  137. 137.

    Ibid p. 48 f.

  138. 138.

    Ibid p. 127 f.

  139. 139.

    Ibid p. 143.

  140. 140.

    COM/2006/0232 final; Koutoupa – Regkakou (2008), p. 169 et seq.

  141. 141.

    The Study p. 33.

  142. 142.

    Ibid p. 96 et seq, p. 102 et seq.

  143. 143.

    Ibid p. 110.

  144. 144.

    Ibid p. 422.

  145. 145.

    Section 12(1) HazWaDe.

  146. 146.

    See in this respect: http://www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=885&language=el-GR (last visited on 12.4.2017).

  147. 147.

    Manesis (1967), p. 410 et seq; Manitakis (1994), p. 128; Venizelos (2008), pp. 414, 417; Spiliotopoulos (2011), p. 88; Maurias (2014), p. 69; Chrysogonos (2014), p. 378.

  148. 148.

    Section 12 HazWaDe.

  149. 149.

    The Study p. 416.

  150. 150.

    Article 191(2) TFEU.

  151. 151.

    See in this respect the now in force Guidelines on State aid for environmental protection and energy 2014–2020.

  152. 152.

    The Study p. 417 et seq.

  153. 153.

    Articles 107, 108 and 109 TFEU.

  154. 154.

    The Study p. 416.

  155. 155.

    Administrative act No ΒΙ09ΟΡ1Υ-ΣΨΨ (2014).

  156. 156.

    This law partly implements Directive 2010/75/EU.

  157. 157.

    This law implements Directive 2008/99/EC and Directive 2008/98/EC.

  158. 158.

    This law has been harmonizing Directives 97/11/EC and 96/61/EC. However, Directive 97/11/EC has been repealed by Directive 2011/92/EU. Similarly, Directive 96/61/EC has been repealed by Directive 2008/1/EC, which itself has been repealed by Directive 2010/75/EU that has been implemented by Ministerial Decree No 36060/1155/Ε.103/2013, as explained above.

  159. 159.

    This implemented Council Directive 87/217/EEC.

  160. 160.

    This implemented Council Directive 83/477/EEC and partially Directive 2009/148/EC.

  161. 161.

    This, along with Presidential Decree No 212/2006, has implemented Directive 2009/148/EC.

  162. 162.

    See in this respect judgements of the Supreme Administrative Court Nos 40/1964, 2441/1983, 2027/1986, 2662/1999; Tachos (2008), p. 674; Spiliotopoulos (2015), p. 150 et seq.; Lazaratos (2014), p. 629.

  163. 163.

    Section 19(a) EnvLL.

  164. 164.

    Minutes of planetary sessions of the Hellenic Parliament, available at: http://www.hellenicparliament.gr (last visited on 14.4.2017).

  165. 165.

    Administrative Court of Second Instance in Mannheim (2008).

  166. 166.

    Administrative act No 45ΟΨΟΡ1Κ-Η00 (2011).

  167. 167.

    Administrative act No ΒΙΦΙΟΡ10-Π95 (2014).

  168. 168.

    Section 27(3) Law No 3147/2003.

  169. 169.

    Administrative act No 7ΦΞΦΟΡ1Υ-ΔΓΧ (2014).

  170. 170.

    This law implements European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC.

  171. 171.

    This implements Directive 2008/68/EC.

  172. 172.

    Administrative act No Β4Γ1ΟΡ10-Θ9Θ (2012).

  173. 173.

    Administrative act No Β496Ω96-990 (2012).

  174. 174.

    Administrative act No ΒΙΥ00-ΗΑΛ (2014), p. 3; Administrative act No 6ΝΚΙ465ΦΘΘ-3ΕΦ (2015), p. 3.

  175. 175.

    Administrative act No 45O90-ΤΩΨ (2011), p. 40.

  176. 176.

    Administrative act No ΒΛΛ40-ΑΨ2 (2013), p. 3.

  177. 177.

    Administrative act No 45O90-ΤΩΨ (2011), p. 39.

  178. 178.

    Ibid p. 39 et seq.

  179. 179.

    Ibid p. 40.

  180. 180.

    Ibid p. 39.

  181. 181.

    Administrative act No ΩΡ2Χ465Χ18-33Κ (2017).

  182. 182.

    This implements Directive 2003/4/EC.

  183. 183.

    Ministerial Decree No 19396/1546/1997.

  184. 184.

    Ministerial Decree No 72751/3054/1985.

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Charalampidou, N. (2018). Greek Soil Law. In: Ginzky, H., Dooley, E., Heuser, I., Kasimbazi, E., Markus, T., Qin, T. (eds) International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2017. International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy, vol 2017. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68885-5_13

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