Abstract
This introductory chapter introduces three main arguments: first, that the sheer volume of racist expressions was accompanied by expansive articulations of black protest, underlining the importance of close reading of language in communications. Secondly, the centrality of economic factors is illustrated by human stories, in particular, lack of employment and appallingly financial hardship. Thirdly, there is a transnational flavour to the particular communications and events which resonated throughout Britain and elsewhere in its empire. Scholars have addressed this change of attitude towards black empire contributions in Britain by reference to the race riots, but have not analysed in any detail what happened afterwards, especially in terms of individual voices. This study emphasises use of language by acknowledging letters and petitions as works of non-fiction literature.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adi, H. (2013). Pan-Africanism and Communism: The Communist International, Africa and Diaspora, 1919–1939. Trenton: Africa World Press.
Arendt, H. (1951). The Burden of Our Time. The Origins of Totalitarianism. London: Secker and Warburg.
Bourke, J. (1996). Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War. London: Reaktion Books.
Cabanes, B. (2014). The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Castles, S., & Kosack, G. (1973). Immigrants Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chapman, J. (2019, forthcoming). Black Internationalism and Media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Pivot.
Chickering, R., & Förster, S. (2003). The Shadow of Total War: Europe, East Asia and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Costello, R. (2015). Black Tommies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Derrida, J. (1982). Margins of Philosophy (A. Bass, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Derrida, J. (1992). Acts of Literature. New York: Routledge.
Dewitte, P. (2007). Les mouvements nègres en France, 1919–1939. Paris: l’Harmatten.
Ezra, E. (2000). The Colonial Unconscious: Race and Culture in Interwar France. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Routledge.
Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge.
Fryer, P. (1984). Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain. London: Pluto Press.
Gerwarth, R., & Horne, J. (Eds.). (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gilroy, P. (1993). The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. London: Verso.
Hall, S. (1990). Cultural Identity and Diaspora. In J. Rutherford (Ed.), Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Hall, S. (1997). The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity. In A. D. King (Ed.), Culture, Globalization and the World System. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Hall, C. (2002). Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830–1867. Cambridge: Polity.
Hall, S., & du Gay, P. (Eds.). (1996). Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.
James, W. (2004). The Black Experience in Twentieth Century Britain. In P. D. Morgan & S. Hawkins (Eds.), Black Experience and the Empire (pp. 347–386). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jenkinson, J. (1987). Repatriation to the West Indies: A Repercussion of the 1919 Race Riots in Britain. Inter-Arts, (Spring), 11–13.
Jenkinson, J. (2009). Black 1919: Riots, Racism and Resistance in Imperial Britain. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Killingray, D. (Ed.). (1994). Africans in Britain. London: Frank Cass.
Lee, W. R. (1998). The Socio-economic and Demographic Characteristics of Port Cities: A Typology for Comparative Analysis. Urban History, 25(2), 147–180.
Makalani, M. (2011). In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Matera, M., & Kingsley Kent, S. (2017). The Global 1930s: The International Decade. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Mazón, P., & Steingröver, R. (Eds.). (2005). Not So Plain as Black and White: Afro-German Culture and History, 1890–2000. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.
Olusoga, D. (2014). The World’s War: Forgotten Soldiers of Empire. London: Head of Zeus.
Orr, N. G. (1999). Keep the Home Fires Burning: Peace Day in Luton 1919. Family and Community History, 2(1), 17–32.
Panayi, P. (1991). Germans in Britain During the First World War. Historical Research, 64(153), 63–76.
Panayi, P. (Ed.). (1993). Racial Violence in Britain 1815–1945. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
Panayi, P. (1994). Immigration, Ethnicity and Racism in Britain, 1815–1945. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Panayi, P. (1999). Outsiders: A History of European Minorities. London: Hambledon Press.
Rich, P. B. (1986). Race and Empire in British Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schor, R. (1985). L’Opinion Française et les Étrangers en France, 1919–1939. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
Schor, R. (1996). Histoire de l’immigration en France de la fin du XIXe siècle à nos jours. Paris: Armand Colin.
Smith, R. (2015a). The Impact of the First World War on Pan Africanism. In D. R. Cohen & D. Higbee (Eds.), Options for Teaching Representations of the First World War. New York: Modern Languages Association.
Smith, R. (2015b). Colonial Soldiers: Race, Military Service and Masculinity During and Beyond WW1 and WW2. In K. Hagemann, D. Bonker, S. Dudink, & S. Rose (Eds.), Gender, War and the Western World Since 1650. New York: Oxford University Press.
Walvin, J. (1973). Black and White: The Negro and English Society 1555–1945. London: Allen Lane and The Penguin Press.
Wilder, G. (2005). The French Imperial State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chapman, J.L. (2018). Interrogating Neglected Voices. In: African and Afro-Caribbean Repatriation, 1919–1922. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68813-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68813-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68812-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68813-8
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)