Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Skin Diseases Associated with HIV Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Skin Diseases in the Immunosuppressed

  • 513 Accesses

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can present with a variety of cutaneous conditions. Inflammatory conditions associated with HIV infection range from the acute morbilliform eruption of seroconversion to an increase incidence of common conditions including seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis. Immunodeficiency-associated infections can be the presenting symptom of an underlying HIV infection, and these include an increase in common and opportunistic bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Lastly, whereas great advancement in antiretroviral therapy has led to a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection, these agents have significant adverse cutaneous effects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Daar ES, Pilcher CD, Hecht FM. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2008;3(1):10–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kahn JO, Walker BD. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(1):33–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lapins J, Gaines H, Lindback S, Lidbrink P, Emtestam L. Skin and mucosal characteristics of symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 1997;11(2):67–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hulsebosch HJ, Claessen FA, van Ginkel CJ, Kuiters GR, Goudsmit J, Lange JM. Human immunodeficiency virus exanthem. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23(3 Pt 1):483–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Balslev E, Thomsen HK, Weismann K. Histopathology of acute human immunodeficiency virus exanthema. J Clin Pathol. 1990;43(3):201–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cedeno-Laurent F, Gomez-Flores M, Mendez N, Ancer-Rodriguez J, Bryant JL, Gaspari AA, et al. New insights into HIV-1-primary skin disorders. J Int AIDS Soc. 2011;14:5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Garman ME, Tyring SK. The cutaneous manifestations of HIV infection. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20(2):193–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rigopoulos D, Paparizos V, Katsambas A. Cutaneous markers of HIV infection. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22(6):487–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Froschl M, Land HG, Landthaler M. Seborrheic dermatitis and atopic eczema in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Dermatol. 1990;9(3):230–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mathes BM, Douglass MC. Seborrheic dermatitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13(6):947–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Goodman DS, Teplitz ED, Wishner A, Klein RS, Burk PG, Hershenbaum E. Prevalence of cutaneous disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17(2 Pt 1):210–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gelfand JM, Rudikoff D. Evaluation and treatment of itching in HIV-infected patients. Mount Sinai J Med N Y. 2001;68(4–5):298–308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Buchness MR. Treatment of skin diseases in HIV-infected patients. Dermatol Clin. 1995;13(1):231–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Johnson TM, Duvic M, Rapini RP, Rios A. AIDS exacerbates psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(22):1415.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Namazi MR. Paradoxical exacerbation of psoriasis in AIDS: proposed explanations including the potential roles of substance P and gram-negative bacteria. Autoimmunity. 2004;37(1):67–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Morar N, Dlova N, Gupta AK, Naidoo DK, Aboobaker J, Ramdial PK. Erythroderma: a comparison between HIV positive and negative patients. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38(12):895–900.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Morar N, Willis-Owen SA, Maurer T, Bunker CB. HIV-associated psoriasis: pathogenesis, clinical features, and management. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(7):470–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Obuch ML, Maurer TA, Becker B, Berger TG. Psoriasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27(5 Pt 1):667–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Colton AS, Schachner L, Kowalczyk AP. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14(3):469–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. McCalmont TH, Altemus D, Maurer T, Berger TG. Eosinophilic folliculitis. The histologic spectrum. Am J Dermatopathol. 1995;17(5):439–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Costner M, Cockerell CJ. The changing spectrum of the cutaneous manifestations of HIV disease. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(10):1290–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Luther J, Glesby MJ. Dermatologic adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy: recognition and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2007;8(4):221–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Sustiva® prescribing information [package insert]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Viramune® prescribing information [package insert]. Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Pharmacia and Upjohn Company. Rescriptor® prescribing information [package insert]. Kalamazoo, MI: Pharmacia and Upjohn Company; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  26. van Leth F, Andrews S, Grinsztejn B, Wilkins E, Lazanas MK, Lange JM, et al. The effect of baseline CD4 cell count and HIV-1 viral load on the efficacy and safety of nevirapine or efavirenz-based first-line HAART. AIDS. 2005;19(5):463–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bersoff-Matcha SJ, Miller WC, Aberg JA, van Der Horst C, Hamrick HJ Jr, Powderly WG, et al. Sex differences in nevirapine rash. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(1):124–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. de Maat MM, ter Heine R, Mulder JW, Meenhorst PL, Mairuhu AT, van Gorp EC, et al. Incidence and risk factors for nevirapine-associated rash. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;59(5–6):457–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Fagot JP, Mockenhaupt M, Bouwes-Bavinck JN, Naldi L, Viboud C, Roujeau JC, et al. Nevirapine and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. AIDS. 2001;15(14):1843–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hawkins T. Appearance-related side effects of HIV-1 treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2006;20(1):6–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Warren KJ, Boxwell DE, Kim NY, Drolet BA. Nevirapine-associated Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Lancet. 1998;351(9102):567.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rathbun RC, Lockhart SM, Stephens JR. Current HIV treatment guidelines—an overview. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(9):1045–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Merck and Co., Inc. Crixivan® prescribing information [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Garcia-Silva J, Almagro M, Pena-Penabad C, Fonseca E. Indinavir-induced retinoid-like effects: incidence, clinical features and management. Drug Saf. 2002;25(14):993–1003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ginarte M, Losada E, Prieto A, Lorenzo-Zuniga V, Toribio J. Generalized hair loss induced by indinavir plus ritonavir therapy. AIDS. 2002;16(12):1695–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bouscarat F, Bouchard C, Bouhour D. Paronychia and pyogenic granuloma of the great toes in patients treated with indinavir. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(24):1776–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. GlaxoSmithKline. Agerenase® prescribing information [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  38. GlaxoSmithKline. Lexiva® prescribing information [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kohli-Pamnani A, Huynh P, Lobo F. Amprenavir-induced maculopapular exanthem followed by desensitization in a patient with late-stage human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96(4):620–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. JOLLC and Tibotec Therapeutics. Prezista® prescribing information [package insert]. Gurabo: JOLLC and Tibotec Therapeutics; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Reyataz® prescribing information [package insert]. Princeton (NJ): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aptivus® prescribing information [package insert]. Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Stekler J, Maenza J, Stevens C, Holte S, Malhotra U, McElrath MJ, et al. Abacavir hypersensitivity reaction in primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2006;20(9):1269–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hervey PS, Perry CM. Abacavir: a review of its clinical potential in patients with HIV infection. Drugs. 2000;60(2):447–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Mallal S, Nolan D, Witt C, Masel G, Martin AM, Moore C, et al. Association between presence of HLA-B*5701, HLA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor abacavir. Lancet. 2002;359(9308):727–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kong HH, Myers SA. Cutaneous effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. Dermatol Ther. 2005;18(1):58–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Jamjian MC, McNicholl IR. Enfuvirtide: first fusion inhibitor for treatment of HIV infection. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004;61(12):1242–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Gottlieb M, Thommes JA, Team WS. Short communication safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of enfuvirtide administered by a needle-free injection system compared with subcutaneous injection. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(5):723–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Roche Pharmaceuticals. Fuzeon® prescribing information [package insert]. Nutley, NJ: Roche Pharmaceuticals; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Maurer TA. Dermatologic manifestations of HIV infection. Top HIV Med. 2005;13(5):149–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Shet A, Mathema B, Mediavilla JR, Kishii K, Mehandru S, Jeane-Pierre P, et al. Colonization and subsequent skin and soft tissue infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a cohort of otherwise healthy adults infected with HIV type 1. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(1):88–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Shadyab AH, Crum-Cianflone NF. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections among HIV-infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a review of the literature. HIV Med. 2012;13(6):319–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Crum-Cianflone N, Weekes J, Bavaro M. Recurrent community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among HIV-infected persons: incidence and risk factors. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2009;23(7):499–502.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Buchacz K, Patel P, Taylor M, Kerndt PR, Byers RH, Holmberg SD, et al. Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients with new syphilis infections. AIDS. 2004;18(15):2075–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Chesson HW, Pinkerton SD, Voigt R, Counts GW. HIV infections and associated costs attributable to syphilis coinfection among African Americans. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(6):943–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Reynolds SJ, Risbud AR, Shepherd ME, Rompalo AM, Ghate MV, Godbole SV, et al. High rates of syphilis among STI patients are contributing to the spread of HIV-1 in India. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(2):121–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Zetola NM, Klausner JD. Syphilis and HIV infection: an update. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(9):1222–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Rompalo AM, Lawlor J, Seaman P, Quinn TC, Zenilman JM, Hook EW 3rd. Modification of syphilitic genital ulcer manifestations by coexistent HIV infection. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28(8):448–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Schofer H, Imhof M, Thoma-Greber E, Brockmeyer NH, Hartmann M, Gerken G, et al. Active syphilis in HIV infection: a multicentre retrospective survey. The German AIDS Study Group (GASG). Genitourin Med. 1996;72(3):176–81.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. DiCarlo RP, Martin DH. The clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in men. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(2):292–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Zetola NM, Engelman J, Jensen TP, Klausner JD. Syphilis in the United States: an update for clinicians with an emphasis on HIV coinfection. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82(9):1091–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hutchinson CM, Hook EW 3rd, Shepherd M, Verley J, Rompalo AM. Altered clinical presentation of early syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121(2):94–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Rompalo AM, Joesoef MR, O’Donnell JA, Augenbraun M, Brady W, Radolf JD, et al. Clinical manifestations of early syphilis by HIV status and gender: results of the syphilis and HIV study. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28(3):158–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. de Vries HJ. Skin as an indicator for sexually transmitted infections. Clin Dermatol. 2014;32(2):196–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Sands M, Markus A. Lues maligna, or ulceronodular syphilis, in a man infected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(2):387–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wappner D, Carbia S, Gioseffi L, Schroh R, Losso MH. Diagnosis: malignant syphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(6):1343. 447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Gjestland T. The Oslo study of untreated syphilis; an epidemiologic investigation of the natural course of the syphilitic infection based upon a re-study of the Boeck-Bruusgaard material. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl. 1955;35(Suppl 34):3-368; Annex I-LVI.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Dourmishev LA, Dourmishev AL. Syphilis: uncommon presentations in adults. Clin Dermatol. 2005;23(6):555–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Centers for disease control and prevention sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(Suppl 3):S59–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Regnier S, Ouagari Z, Perez ZL, Veziris N, Bricaire F, Caumes E. Cutaneous miliary resistant tuberculosis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report and literature review. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(8):e690–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Dover JS, Johnson RA. Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Part II. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127(10):1549–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hide M, Hondo T, Yonehara S, Motohiro Y, Okano S. Infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare with abscess, ulceration and fistula formation. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136(1):121–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kiehn TE, White M. Mycobacterium haemophilum: an emerging pathogen. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;13(11):925–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sivanesan SP, Khera P, Buckthal-McCuin J, English JC 3rd. Cutaneous Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(6):e25–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Deps P, Lucas S, Porro AM, Maeda SM, Tomimori J, Guidella C, et al. Clinical and histological features of leprosy and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in Brazil. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2013;38(5):470–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Daikos GL, Uttamchandani RB, Tuda C, Fischl MA, Miller N, Cleary T, et al. Disseminated miliary tuberculosis of the skin in patients with AIDS: report of four cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(1):205–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Stoler MH, Bonfiglio TA, Steigbigel RT, Pereira M. An atypical subcutaneous infection associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol. 1983;80(5):714–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Cockerell CJ. Bacillary angiomatosis and related diseases caused by Rochalimaea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(5 Pt 1):783–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Plettenberg A, Lorenzen T, Burtsche BT, Rasokat H, Kaliebe T, Albrecht H, et al. Bacillary angiomatosis in HIV-infected patients—an epidemiological and clinical study. Dermatology. 2000;201(4):326–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Zarraga M, Rosen L, Herschthal D. Bacillary angiomatosis in an immunocompetent child: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol. 2011;33(5):513–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kaiser PO, Riess T, O'Rourke F, Linke D, Kempf VA. Bartonella spp.: throwing light on uncommon human infections. Int J Med Microbiol. 2011;301(1):7–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hoey JG, Valois-Cruz F, Goldenberg H, Voskoboynik Y, Pfiffner J, Tilton RC, et al. Development of an immunoglobulin M capture-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of acute infections with Bartonella henselae. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009;16(2):282–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Johnson RA. Dermatophyte infections in human immune deficiency virus (HIV) disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(5 Suppl):S135–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Gupta AK, Sauder DN, Shear NH. Antifungal agents: an overview. Part II. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30(6):911–33; quiz 34–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Samaranayake LP. Oral mycoses in HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;73(2):171–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Patton LL, McKaig RG, Eron JJ Jr, Lawrence HP, Strauss RP. Oral hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis as predictors of HIV viral load. AIDS. 1999;13(15):2174–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Patton LL, McKaig RG, Strauss RP, Eron JJ Jr. Oral manifestations of HIV in a southeast USA population. Oral Dis. 1998;4(3):164–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Greenwood I, Zakrzewska JM, Robinson PG. Changes in the prevalence of HIV-associated mucosal disease at a dedicated clinic over 7 years. Oral Dis. 2002;8(2):90–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Klein RS, Harris CA, Small CB, Moll B, Lesser M, Friedland GH. Oral candidiasis in high-risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(6):354–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Maden C, Hopkins SG, Lafferty WE. Progression to AIDS or death following diagnosis with a class IV non-AIDS disease: utilization of a surveillance database. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1994;7(9):972–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Nielsen H, Bentsen KD, Hojtved L, Willemoes EH, Scheutz F, Schiodt M, et al. Oral candidiasis and immune status of HIV-infected patients. J Oral Pathol Med. 1994;23(3):140–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Laine L, Bonacini M. Esophageal disease in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(14):1577–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Epstein E. Recurrences in herpes zoster. Cutis. 1980;26(4):378–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Hope-Simpson RE. The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis. Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:9–20.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Helgason S, Sigurdsson J, Gudmundsson S. The clinical course of herpes zoster: a prospective stud in primary care. Eur J Gen Pract. 1996;2(1).

    Google Scholar 

  96. van Velzen M, Ouwendijk WJ, Selke S, Pas SD, van Loenen FB, Osterhaus AD, et al. Longitudinal study on oral shedding of herpes simplex virus 1 and varicella-zoster virus in individuals infected with HIV. J Med Virol. 2013;85(9):1669–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Freeman EE, Weiss HA, Glynn JR, Cross PL, Whitworth JA, Hayes RJ. Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS. 2006;20(1):73–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Wald A, Link K. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2002;185(1):45–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Brookmeyer R, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet. 2001;357(9263):1149–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Workowski KA, Berman S, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-12):1–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Cone RW, Hobson AC, Palmer J, Remington M, Corey L. Extended duration of herpes simplex virus DNA in genital lesions detected by the polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 1991;164(4):757–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Crooks RJ, Jones DA, Fiddian AP. Zoster-associated chronic pain: an overview of clinical trials with acyclovir. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1991;80:62–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Drake AL, Roxby AC, Ongecha-Owuor F, Kiarie J, John-Stewart G, Wald A, et al. Valacyclovir suppressive therapy reduces plasma and breast milk HIV-1 RNA levels during pregnancy and postpartum: a randomized trial. J Infect Dis. 2012;205(3):366–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Perti T, Saracino M, Baeten JM, Johnston C, Diem K, Ocbamichael N, et al. High-dose valacyclovir decreases plasma HIV-1 RNA more than standard-dose acyclovir in persons coinfected with HIV-1 and HSV-2: a randomized crossover trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63(2):201–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Field HJ, Mickleburgh I. The helicase-primase complex as a target for effective herpesvirus antivirals. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;767:145–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tyring S, Wald A, Zadeikis N, Dhadda S, Takenouchi K, Rorig R. ASP2151 for the treatment of genital herpes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and valacyclovir-controlled, dose-finding study. J Infect Dis. 2012;205(7):1100–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Watson P. Postherpetic neuralgia. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(6):690–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Lapolla W, Yentzer BA, Bagel J, Halvorson CR, Feldman SR. A review of phototherapy protocols for psoriasis treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(5):936–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Antman K, Chang Y. Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(14):1027–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Schwartz RA, Micali G, Nasca MR, Scuderi L. Kaposi sarcoma: a continuing conundrum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(2):179–206; quiz 7–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Uldrick TS, Whitby D. Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. Cancer Lett. 2011;305(2):150–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Bernard HU, Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K, zur Hausen H, de Villiers EM. Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology. 2010;401(1):70–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Lacey CJ, Lowndes CM, Shah KV. Chapter 4: burden and management of non-cancerous HPV-related conditions: HPV-6/11 disease. Vaccine. 2006;24(Suppl 3):S3/35–41.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X, Shah KV, et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(6):518–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Engels EA, Goedert JJ, Group AI-CMRS. Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. JAMA. 2001;285(13):1736–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Chaturvedi AK, Madeleine MM, Biggar RJ, Engels EA. Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(16):1120–30.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(18):1500–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Dolev JC, Maurer T, Springer G, Glesby MJ, Minkoff H, Connell C, et al. Incidence and risk factors for verrucae in women. AIDS. 2008;22(10):1213–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Johnston J, King CM, Shanks S, Khademi S, Nelson J, Yu J, et al. Prevalence of plantar verrucae in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection during the post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2011;101(1):35–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Zancanaro PC, McGirt LY, Mamelak AJ, Nguyen RH, Martins CR. Cutaneous manifestations of HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an institutional urban clinic experience. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(4):581–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Chirgwin KD, Feldman J, Augenbraun M, Landesman S, Minkoff H. Incidence of venereal warts in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected women. J Infect Dis. 1995;172(1):235–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Cameron JE, Hagensee ME. Oral HPV complications in HIV-infected patients. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2008;5(3):126–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Greenspan D, de Villiers EM, Greenspan JS, de Souza YG, zur Hausen H. Unusual HPV types in oral warts in association with HIV infection. J Oral Pathol. 1988;17(9–10):482–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Völter C, He Y, Delius H, Roy-Burman A, Greenspan JS, Greenspan D, et al. Novel HPV types present in oral papillomatous lesions from patients with HIV infection. Int J Cancer. 1996;66(4):453–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Wieland U, Kreuter A. HPV vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(22):2163; author reply 4-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;370(9581):59–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Silverberg MJ, Leyden W, Warton EM, Quesenberry CP Jr, Engels EA, Asgari MM. HIV infection status, immunodeficiency, and the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(5):350–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Macaya A M-SC, Balaguer A, Barbera MJ. Interventions for anal canal intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Libr. 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Abraham AG, Strickler HD, Jing Y, Gange SJ, Sterling TR, Silverberg M, et al. Invasive cervical cancer risk among HIV-infected women: a North American multi-cohort collaboration prospective study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62(4):405–13.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Diamond C, Taylor TH, Aboumrad T, Bringman D, Anton-Culver H. Increased incidence of squamous cell anal cancer among men with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32(5):314–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Piketty CDT, Da Costa M, et al. High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer precursors among HIV-infected persons in the absence of anal intercourse. Ann Intern Med. 2003;128(6):453–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Chin-Hong PVPJ. Natural history and clinical management of anal human papillomavirus disease in men and women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(9):1127–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Berry JM. Perspectives: anal cancer in HIV infection. Topics HIV Med. 2000;8:14–8.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Burnett-Hartman AN FQ, Popov V, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA is rarely detected in colorectal carcinomas and not associated with microsatellite instability: the Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Doorbar J, Quint W, Banks L, Bravo IG, Stoler M, Broker TR, et al. The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses. Vaccine. 2012;30(Suppl 5):F55–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Chow LT, Broker TR, Steinberg BM. The natural history of human papillomavirus infections of the mucosal epithelia. APMIS. 2010;118(6–7):422–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Campo MS, Graham SV, Cortese MS, Ashrafi GH, Araibi EH, Dornan ES, et al. HPV-16 E5 down-regulates expression of surface HLA class I and reduces recognition by CD8 T cells. Virology. 2010;407(1):137–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Stanley MA. Epithelial cell responses to infection with human papillomavirus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(2):215–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Heard I, Palefsky JM, Kazatchkine MD. The impact of HIV antiviral therapy on human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related diseases. Antivir Ther. 2004;9(1):13–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Greenspan D, Canchola AJ, MacPhail LA, Cheikh B, Greenspan JS. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on frequency of oral warts. Lancet. 2001;357(9266):1411–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Ramirez-Fort MK, Au SC, Javed SA, Loo DS. Management of cutaneous human papillomavirus infection: pharmacotherapies. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2014;45:175–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kim KH, Horn TD, Pharis J, Kincannon J, Jones R, O'Bryan K, et al. Phase 1 clinical trial of intralesional injection of Candida antigen for the treatment of warts. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(12):1431–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Leigh JE, Barousse M, Swoboda RK, Myers T, Hager S, Wolf NA, et al. Candida-specific systemic cell-mediated immune reactivities in human immunodeficiency virus-positive persons with mucosal candidiasis. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(2):277–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Kunkl A, Mortara L, Valle MT, Fenoglio D, Terranova MP, Megiovanni AM, et al. Recognition of antigenic clusters of Candida albicans by T lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Infect Dis. 1998;178(2):488–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Horn TD, Johnson SM, Helm RM, Roberson PK. Intralesional immunotherapy of warts with mumps, Candida, and Trichophyton skin test antigens: a single-blinded, randomized, and controlled trial. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(5):589–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Johnson SM, Roberson PK, Horn TD. Intralesional injection of mumps or Candida skin test antigens: a novel immunotherapy for warts. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(4):451–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Wong A, Crawford RI. Intralesional Candida antigen for common warts in people with hiv. J Cutan Med Surg. 2013;17(5):313–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Summers P, Richards-Altmon P, Halder R. Treatment of recalcitrant verruca vulgaris with Candida antigen in patient with human immunodeficiency virus. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(3):268–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Gilson RJ, Shupack JL, Friedman-Kien AE, Conant MA, Weber JN, Nayagam AT, et al. A randomized, controlled, safety study using imiquimod for the topical treatment of anogenital warts in HIV-infected patients. Imiquimod Study Group. AIDS (London, England). 1999;13(17):2397–404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Schofer H. Evaluation of imiquimod for the therapy of external genital and anal warts in comparison with destructive therapies. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(Suppl 2):52–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Wieland U, Brockmeyer NH, Weissenborn SJ, Hochdorfer B, Stucker M, Swoboda J, et al. Imiquimod treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(11):1438–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Sanclemente G, Herrera S, Tyring SK, Rady PL, Zuleta JJ, Correa LA, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) viral load and HPV type in the clinical outcome of HIV-positive patients treated with imiquimod for anogenital warts and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21(8):1054–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Daayana S, Elkord E, Winters U, Pawlita M, Roden R, Stern PL, et al. Phase II trial of imiquimod and HPV therapeutic vaccination in patients with vulval intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Cancer. 2010;102(7):1129–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Yan J, Chen SL, Wang HN, Wu TX. Meta-analysis of 5% imiquimod and 0.5% podophyllotoxin in the treatment of condylomata acuminata. Dermatology. 2006;213(3):218–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Komericki P, Akkilic-Materna M, Strimitzer T, Aberer W. Efficacy and safety of imiquimod versus podophyllotoxin in the treatment of anogenital warts. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38(3):216–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Calista D. Topical cidofovir for severe cutaneous human papillomavirus and molluscum contagiosum infections in patients with HIV/AIDS. A pilot study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000;14(6):484–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Snoeck R, Bossens M, Parent D, Delaere B, Degreef H, Van Ranst M, et al. Phase II double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of cidofovir topical gel for the treatment of patients with human papillomavirus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(5):597–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Coremans G, Margaritis V, Snoeck R, Wyndaele J, De Clercq E, Geboes K. Topical cidofovir (HPMPC) is an effective adjuvant to surgical treatment of anogenital condylomata acuminata. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46(8):1103–8; discussion 8–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Matteelli A, Beltrame A, Graifemberghi S, Forleo MA, Gulletta M, Ciravolo G, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of topical 1% cidofovir cream for the treatment of external anogenital warts in HIV-infected persons. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28(6):343–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Chang GJ, Berry JM, Jay N, Palefsky JM, Welton ML. Surgical treatment of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45(4):453–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Orlando G, Fasolo MM, Beretta R, Merli S, Cargnel A. Combined surgery and cidofovir is an effective treatment for genital warts in HIV-infected patients. AIDS (London, England). 2002;16(3):447–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Gormley RH, Kovarik CL. Human papillomavirus-related genital disease in the immunocompromised host: Part II. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(6):883 e1–17; quiz 99-900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Sonnenblick M, Rosin A. Cardiotoxicity of interferon. A review of 44 cases. Chest. 1991;99(3):557–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Brockmeyer NH, Poffhoff A, Bader A, Hochdorfer B, Schlottmann R, Rasokat H, et al. Treatment of condylomata acuminata with pegylated interferon alfa-2b in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Med Res. 2006;11(1):27–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Niu Y, Na L, Feng R, Gong L, Zhao Y, Li Q, et al. The phytochemical, EGCG, extends lifespan by reducing liver and kidney function damage and improving age-associated inflammation and oxidative stress in healthy rats. Aging Cell. 2013;12(6):1041–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Zhou Q, Lu W, Niu Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Gao B, et al. Identification and quantification of phytochemical composition and anti-inflammatory, cellular antioxidant, and radical scavenging activities of 12 Plantago species. J Agric Food Chem. 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Lamoral-Theys D, Pottier L, Dufrasne F, Neve J, Dubois J, Kornienko A, et al. Natural polyphenols that display anticancer properties through inhibition of kinase activity. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(9):812–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Lambert JD, Elias RJ. The antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of green tea polyphenols: a role in cancer prevention. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010;501(1):65–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Frei B, Higdon JV. Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: evidence from animal studies. J Nutr. 2003;133(10):3275S–84S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Tyring SK. Sinecatechins: effects on HPV-induced enzymes involved in inflammatory mediator generation. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(1):19–26.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Boniface K, Bak-Jensen KS, Li Y, Blumenschein WM, McGeachy MJ, McClanahan TK, et al. Prostaglandin E2 regulates Th17 cell differentiation and function through cyclic AMP and EP2/EP4 receptor signaling. J Exp Med. 2009;206(3):535–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Paulissen SM, van Hamburg JP, Davelaar N, Asmawidjaja PS, Hazes JM, Lubberts E. Synovial fibroblasts directly induce Th17 pathogenicity via the cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2 pathway, independent of IL-23. J Immunol. 2013;191(3):1364–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Yang L, Yamagata N, Yadav R, Brandon S, Courtney RL, Morrow JD, et al. Cancer-associated immunodeficiency and dendritic cell abnormalities mediated by the prostaglandin EP2 receptor. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(5):727–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Yokoyama M, Noguchi M, Nakao Y, Pater A, Iwasaka T. The tea polyphenol, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate effects on growth, apoptosis, and telomerase activity in cervical cell lines. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92(1):197–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Qiao Y, Cao J, Xie L, Shi X. Cell growth inhibition and gene expression regulation by (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in human cervical cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res. 2009;32(9):1309–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Amin AR, Wang D, Zhang H, Peng S, Shin HJ, Brandes JC, et al. Enhanced anti-tumor activity by the combination of the natural compounds (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and luteolin: potential role of p53. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(45):34557–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Zou C, Liu H, Feugang JM, Hao Z, Chow HH, Garcia F. Green tea compound in chemoprevention of cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2010;20(4):617–24.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Tyring SK. Effect of sinecatechins on HPV-activated cell growth and induction of apoptosis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(2):34–41.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Goldstone SE. Diagnosis and treatment of HPV-related squamous intraepithelial neoplasia in men who have sex with men. The PRN Notebook. 2005;10(4):11–6.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Brentjens MH, Yeung-Yue KA, Lee PC, et al. Human papillomavirus: a review. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20(2):315–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Kreuter A, Hochdorfer B, Stucker M, et al. Treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with acquired HIV with imiquimod 5% cream. J Am Acad Derm. 2004;50(6):980–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Ault KA. Managing genital warts and cervical HPV infection. Consultant. 2005;45(3):S16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Palefsky JM, Berry JM, Jay N, et al. A trial of SGN-00101 (HspE7) to treat high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive individuals. AIDS. 2006;20(8):1151–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Weis SE, Vecino I, Pogoda JM, Susa JS. Treatment of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia with infrared coagulation in a primary care population of HIV-infected men and women. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55(12):1236–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Oehler-Janne C, Huguet F, Provencher S, Seifert B, Negretti L, Riener MO, et al. HIV-specific differences in outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: a multicentric cohort study of HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15):2550–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Yen Moore A, Tong LX, Moore T. Management of human papillomavirus-related anal and colon cancer. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2014;45:225–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Kraus SJ, Stone KM. Management of genital infection caused by human papillomavirus. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12(Suppl 6):S620–S32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Chang GJ, Berry JM, Jay N, et al. Surgical treatment of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45(4):453–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Chang GJ, Welton ML. Human papillomavirus, condylomata acuminata, and anal neoplasia. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2004;17(4):221–30.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Stanley M. Prophylactic HPV vaccines: prospects for eliminating ano-genital cancer. Br J Cancer. 2007;96:1320–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Petaja T, Keränen H, Karppa T, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in healthy boys aged 10–18 years. J Adolesc Health. 2009;44:33–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA

    Barry Ladizinski M.D., M.P.H., M.B.A.

  2. SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    Marigdalia Ramirez-Fort M.D.

  3. University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Megan Shelton B.S.

  4. Yale University Dept of Dermatology, New Haven, CT, USA

    Aisha Sethi M.D.

Authors
  1. Barry Ladizinski M.D., M.P.H., M.B.A.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marigdalia Ramirez-Fort M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Megan Shelton B.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Aisha Sethi M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aisha Sethi M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Oscar R. Colegio

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ladizinski, B., Ramirez-Fort, M., Shelton, M., Sethi, A. (2018). Skin Diseases Associated with HIV Disease. In: Colegio, O. (eds) Skin Diseases in the Immunosuppressed. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68790-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68790-2_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68788-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68790-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation