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Neuroscience and Social Science pp 349–381Cite as

Electrophysiological Approaches in the Study of the Influence of Childhood Poverty on Cognition

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Abstract

The influence of adverse environmental conditions on the organization and reorganization of the brain structure and function involves distinct neural systems at different levels of organization. Electroencephalographic (EEG) measures provide precise evidence on the temporal sequence in which relevant cognitive processes occur. Here, we offer a systematic review of EEG studies on the influence of childhood poverty on cognitive development. The paradigms used focused primarily on correlates of inhibitory control, selective attention, and unrelated task-event activity. Eighteen studies reported differences related to socioeconomic disparities, including (a) discrepancies in neural markers of interference control and early auditory sensory processing and (b) delays in the maturation of brain oscillations in frontal regions. Overall, EEG techniques appear to have predictive power over cognitive and academic performance of children. Therefore, EEG markers may be useful to evaluate the efficacy of interventions aimed to enhance cognitive development in children facing unfavorable social conditions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Our systematic review is based on the PRISMA-P standard protocol [113] to examine the association between poverty indicators and EEG activity in developmental cognitive studies. The search criteria contemplated: (a) articles published in English without restrictions on the range of the publication dates; (b) studies with an age range between birth and adolescence; and (c) experimental research reporting factors that were related to childhood poverty, EEG measures, and their relationship with cognitive development. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases and inspecting reference lists of articles. This search was applied to the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE and EBSCO databases, considering the following terms: “SES,” “income,” “education,” “occupation,” “poverty,” “social vulnerability,” “ERP,” “EEG,” “children,” “preschool,” “kindergarten,” and “school.” Three reviewers selected the studies, and any disagreements were solved by consensus. We selected those articles in which the primary purpose was to measure the impact of poverty-related factors on brain and cognitive functioning. Conversely, the ones that were aimed mainly at addressing factors not necessarily associated to poverty (e.g., parental mental health or air pollution), or that were focused on extreme deprivation of these aspects (e.g., undernutrition, maltreatment), were not selected, even though they showed a certain relevance in assessing the impact of childhood poverty. The information that was extracted from each study included (1) sociodemographic characteristics of participants; (2) poverty measures (type, method of measurement, quantity and quality of considered factors); and (3) EEG and cognitive paradigms (amplitude, latency, power spectra of activity through scalp sites, accuracy, and reaction time of behavioral performances).

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Acknowledgments

Authors are supported by CONICET, FONCYT, CEMIC, Fundación Conectar, and University of Buenos Aires. Authors thank Thomas A. Gavin, Professor Emeritus, Cornell University, for help with editing the English in this chapter. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Marcos Luis Pietto & Sebastián J. Lipina

  2. Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada (Departamento de Computación, FCEyN-UBA, CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Marcos Luis Pietto & Juan E. Kamienkowski

  3. Departamento de Física (FCEyN-UBA, CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Juan E. Kamienkowski

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  1. Marcos Luis Pietto
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  2. Juan E. Kamienkowski
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  3. Sebastián J. Lipina
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Correspondence to Marcos Luis Pietto .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT) INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Agustín Ibáñez

  2. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT) INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Lucas Sedeño

  3. Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT) INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Adolfo M. García

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Pietto, M.L., Kamienkowski, J.E., Lipina, S.J. (2017). Electrophysiological Approaches in the Study of the Influence of Childhood Poverty on Cognition. In: Ibáñez, A., Sedeño, L., García, A. (eds) Neuroscience and Social Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68421-5_15

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