Skip to main content

Canada

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 867 Accesses

Part of the book series: AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series ((AAPS,volume 28))

Abstract

Canadian regulatory authorities were the first to apply pharmacokinetics (PK) to safety and efficacy risk assessment of generic drug products following the 1969 amendments to the Patent Act [1] (compulsory licensing). Formal guidelines were subsequently developed in the 1990s by an Expert Advisory Committee (EAC) where the latest name iteration is the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology (SAC-PSCP) which continues to provide advice towards producing several interim guidances and policies into the new millennium. In May 2012, revised guidelines were published [2, 3] and subsequently in May 2014, another guidance document entitled Biopharmaceutics Classification System Based Biowaiver [4] was released where its purpose was to provide guidance to sponsors with the information necessary to apply for a waiver from submitting comparative bioavailability studies. The information required applies only to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class I and III drugs. Review and incorporation of the foregoing guidances are the main changes since the earlier chapter [5].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  1. Donald M. Cameron, R. Scott MacKendrick and Christina Capone Settimi 2010 Cameron’s patent and drug secrets law. Chapter 9 Canadian drug patent laws and regulations. http://www.jurisdiction.com/patweb09.pdf.

  2. Guidance for Industry. Health Canada Conduct and Analysis of Comparative Bioavailability Studies. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/applic-demande/guide-ld/bio/gd_cbs_ebc_ld-eng.php (2016). Accessed Dec 2016.

  3. Health Canada Guidance Document Comparative Bioavailability Standards: Formulations Used for Systemic Effects. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/applic-demande/guide-ld/bio/gd_standards_ld_normes-eng.php (2016). Accessed Dec 2016.

  4. Health Canada Biopharmaceutics Classification System Based Biowaiver Guidance Document. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/pdf/prodpharma/applic-demande/guide-ld/bcs_guide_ld_scb-eng.pdf (2016). Accessed Dec 2016.

  5. McGilveray IJ. Chapter 4. Canada. In: Kanfer I, Shargel L, editors. Generic products development: international regulatory requirements for bioequivalence. New York: Informa Health Care; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Canadian Food & Drug Regulations. Division 8 http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-298.html#docCont.

  7. Section C.08.002.1., http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c_870/page-301.html#docCont.

  8. Section C.08.004. http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.%2C_c._870/page-303.html#docCont.

  9. Health Canada, Drugs and Health Products Drugs Directorate Policy regarding the use of a non-Canadian Reference Product under the provisions of Section C.08.002.1(c) of the Food and Drug Regulations. http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/applic-demande/pol/crp prc pol-eng.php (December 1995). Accessed Dec 2016.

  10. Morrison AB, Cook D, Casselman WGB. Clinical equivalency: a health protection branch perspective. Can Med Assoc J. 1973;109:800–8.

    Google Scholar 

  11. McGilveray IJ. Bioequivalence: a Canadian regulatory perspective. In: Welling PG, Tse FLS, Dighe SV, editors. Pharmaceutical bioequivalence. Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences, vol. 48. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1991. p. 381–418.

    Google Scholar 

  12. ICH. History of the The International Council for Harmonisation of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use (ICH). http://www.ich.org/about/history.html 2016. Accessed Dec 2016.

  13. McGilveray IJ, Dighe SV, French IW, Midha KK, Skelly JP, editors. Proceedings of Bio-International ‘89: Issues in the Evaluation of Bioavailability Data. Toronto; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Midha KK, Blume HH, editors. Bio-international: bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics. Proceedings of the international conference of FIP, bad homburg, Germany, 1992. Stuttgart: Medpharm, Scientific Publishers; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Blume HH, Midha KK, editors. Bio-international 2: bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics. Proceedings of the Intenational conference of FIP, Munich Germany 1994. Stuttgart: Medpharm, Scientific Publishers; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Midha KK, Nagai T, editors. Bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies, F.I.P. Bio-international, 1996 Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Business Center for Academic Studies Japan; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  17. AAPS. Announcement 2nd International Conference On The Global Bioequivalence Harmonisation Initiative, Washington DC. http://www.eufeps.org/node/108 http://www.aaps.org/GBHI/

  18. Shah VP, Midha KK, Dighe S, McGilveray IJ, et al. Analytical methods validation: bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies. Conference report. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1991;16(4):249–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fast DM, Kelley M, Viswanathan CT, et al. Workshop report and follow-up–AAPS workshop on current topics in GLP bioanalysis: assay reproducibility for incurred samples–implications of crystal city recommendations. AAPS J. 2009;11(2):238–41. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-009-9100-9. Epub 2009 Apr 21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Ruedy J, Davies RO, Brodeur J, Hinton NA, Innes IR, Nantel A, Parker JM. Bioavailability: report of the special advisory committee to the health protection branch, DNH&W. Can Med Assoc J. 1973;109:920–2.

    Google Scholar 

  21. McGilveray IJ, Mousseau N, Brien R. The bioavailability of 23 Canadian formulations of phenylbutazone. Can J Pharm Sci. 1978;13:33–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ormsby ED, Schuirmann DJ. In: McGilveray IJ, Dighe SV, French IW, Midha KK, Skelly JP, editors. Proceedings of bio-international ‘89: issues in the evaluation of bioavailability data. Toronto; 1990. pages 157 and 159–161.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Health Canada Draft Guidance for Industry for Drug Submissions in the CTD Format Preparation of Comparative Bioavailability Information. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb- dgpsa/pdf/prodpharma/ draft_ebauche_ctdbe-eng.pdf.

  24. Common Drug Review by the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). 2017. https://www.cadth.ca/about-cadth/what-we-do/products-services/cdr.

  25. The European Medicines Agency Guideline on bioanalytical method validation. 2011. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2011/08/WC500109686.pdf.

  26. Guidance for Industry BA and BE Studies for Orally Administered Drug Products — General Considerations. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/briefing/3995B1_07_GFI-BioAvail-BioEquiv.pdf.

  27. ICH Guidance Topic 6 Good clinical practice. http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E6/E6_R1_Guideline.pdf.

  28. Canadian Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c_870/page-229.html#h-185.

  29. EMEA Guideline on the investigation of bioequivalence. 2010. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2010/01/WC500070039.pdf.

  30. Koren G, Nordeng H, MacLeod S. Gender differences in drug bioequivalence: time to rethink practices. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;93(3):260–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2012.233. Epub.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology (SAC-PSCP) summary of discussion Meeting (June 2, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pocock SJ. Group sequential methods in the design and analysis of clinical trials. Biometrika. 1977;64(2):191–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Potvin D, DiLiberti CE, Hauck WW, et al. Sequential design approaches for bioequivalence studies with crossover designs. Pharmaceut Stat. 2008;7:245–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Policy Notice on Bioequivalence Standards for Highly Variable Drug Products (HVDP). http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/activit/announce-annonce/notice-avis-be-hvdp-nb-pphv-eng.php.

  35. ICH Harmonised tripartite guideline. Clinical safety data management: definitions and standards for expedited reporting E2A. https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E2A/Step4/E2A_Guideline.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sporn DL. FDA Letter on Acceptability of draft labeling to support a tentative approval. , August 4, 1993. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm072886.pdf.

  37. Health Canada Policy on Bioequivalence of Proportional Formulations – Solid Oral Dosage Forms. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/pdf/prodpharma/applic-demande/pol/bioprop_pol-eng.pdf.

  38. Therapeutic Products Programme Guidance for Industry: Stereochemical Issues in Chiral Drug Development. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/prodpharma/stereo-eng.pdf.

  39. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Draft Guidance for Industry Bioanalytical Method Validation. 2013. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM368107.pdf.

  40. Notice: Clarification of bioanalytical method validation procedures. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/activit/announce-annonce/notice_avis_mthd_validation-eng.php.

  41. Slide presentation – Laurence YU. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/ApprovalApplications/AbbreviatedNewDrugApplicationANDAGenerics/UCM292676.pdf.

  42. FDA draft specific BE guidances for tacrolimus. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM181006.pdf.

  43. FDA Draft specific BE guidance for Warfarin sodium. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM201283.pdf.

  44. Zhang X, Zheng N, Lionberger RA, Yu LX. Innovative approaches for demonstration of bioequivalence: the US FDA perspective. Ther Deliv. 2013;4:725–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. U.S. FDA CDER. Guidance for industry: statistical approaches to establishing bioequivalence. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/ucm070244.pdf.

  46. Health Canada guidance to Establish Equivalence or relative potency of safety and efficacy of a second entry short-acting beta 2 -agonist metered dose inhaler http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/prodpharma/mdi_bad-eng.pdf

  47. US FDA CDER. Draft specific BE guidance for potassium chloride extended release capsules. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM270390.pdf.

  48. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/applications-submissions/policies/submissions-general-topical-drugs.html.

  49. Health Canada Guidance for Industry: Pharmaceutical Quality of Aqueous Solutions http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/prodpharma/aqueous_aqueuses-eng.pdf

  50. Health Canada policy on Submissions for Generic Parenteral Drugs. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/applic-demande/pol/gen_subm_pres_pol-eng.php.

  51. Health Canada policy Submissions for Generic Topical Drugs. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/applic-demande/pol/gener_pol-eng.php.

  52. Health Canada policy Pharmaceutical Quality of Inhalation and Nasal Products. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/applic-demande/guide-ld/chem/inhalationnas-eng.php.

  53. FDA guidance for industry on Waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immediate release solid oral dosage forms based on a biopharmaceutics classification system. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm070246.pdf.

  54. Health Canada Biopharmaceutics Classification System Based Biowaiver Guidance Document. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/pdf/prodpharma/applic-demande/guide-ld/bcs_guide_ld_scb-eng.pdf.

  55. Health Canada policy on Interpretation of “Identical Medicinal Ingredient”. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/applic-demande/pol/medingred_pol-eng.php.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iain J. McGilveray .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

McGilveray, I.J. (2017). Canada. In: Kanfer, I. (eds) Bioequivalence Requirements in Various Global Jurisdictions. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68078-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics