Abstract
At crisis times, Public Welfare States are not more enough in order to support the growth of the social and nonprofit economy. This article addresses pivotal and different roles of the Welfare State of private grant-makers in Italy, when competition is not more useful in order to solve allocation of scarce public and private resources. Thanks to coopetition by means of networks, partnerships with several stakeholders, pooling of resources and project leadership, the Private Welfare State of Italian Foundations of banking origin (IFBOs) will be clustered for 2012s performances. Economic performances concern financial assets, which affect solvency, gains and philanthropy. According to reports coopetition is estimated for intensification from pure grant-making and resource pooling to partnerships. Six profiles are significant. When investments are modest, these foundations are profitable and solvent, though coopetition is not optimized. Increasing investments are combined with increasing philanthropy and coopetition. The article concludes that profiles experience a different intensity of coopetition. Findings constitute practical insight into the issue of philanthropic best practices in crisis times.
References
ACRI, Associazione delle Casse di Risparmio italiane. (2014). Rapporto ACRI [Reports of Association of Italian Savings Banks]. Milan: Vita Nonprofit Magazine.
Armingeon, K., & Beyeler, M. (Eds.). (2008). The OECD and European Welfare States. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Ashworth, J., Galli, E., & Padovano, F. (2013). Decentralization as a constraint to Leviathan: A panel cointegration analysis. Public Choice, 156(3-4), 491–516.
Austin, J. E. (2000). The collaboration challenge: How nonprofits and business succeed through strategic alliances. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bacq, S., & Janssen, F. (2011). The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 23(5-6), 373–403.
Barr, N. (1987). The economics of the Welfare State. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Battilana, J., & Lee, M. (2014). Advancing research on hybrid organizing-insights from the study of social enterprises. The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 397–441.
Beamish, P. W., & Lupton, N. C. (2016). Cooperative strategies in international business and management: Reflections on the east 50 years and future directions. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 163–175.
Becattini, G., Bellandi, M., & De Propis, L. (Eds.). (2009). A handbook of industrial districts. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Ben-Ner, A. (1994). Who benefits from the nonprofit sector? reforming law and public policy towards nonprofit organizations. Yale Law Journal, 104(3), 731–762.
Ben-Ner, A. (2002). The shifting boundaries of the mixed economy and the future of the nonprofit sector. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 73(1), 5–40.
Birch, K., & Whittam, G. (2008). The third sector and the regional development of social capital. Regional Studies, 42(3), 437–450.
Birchall, J. (2013). The potential of co-operatives during the current recession; theorizing comparative advantage. Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, 2(1), 1–22.
Bommert, A. (2010). Collaborative innovation in the public sector. International Public Management Review, 11(1), 15–33.
Bonel, E., Pellizzari, P., & Rocco, E. (2008). Coopetition and complementarities: Modeling coopetition strategy and its risks at an individual partner level. Management Research: The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 6(3), 189–205.
Bonoli, G., George, V., & Taylor-Gooby, P. (2000). European welfare futures: Towards a theory of retrenchment. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Borzaga, C., Depedri, S., & Tortia, E. C. (2011). Organizational variety in market economies and the role of cooperative and social enterprises: A plea for economic pluralism. Journal of Co-operative Studies, 44(1), 19–30.
Borzaga, C., & Tortia, E. C. (2010). The economics of social enterprises: An interpretive framework. In L. Becchetti & C. Borzaga (Eds.), The economics of social responsibility: The world of social enterprises (pp. 15–33). London, UK: Routledge.
Bouncken, R. B., Gats, J., Kraus, S., & Bogers, M. (2015). Coopetition: A systematic review, synthesis and future research directions. Review of Managerial Science, 9(3), 577–601.
Bouncken, R. B., & Kraus, S. (2013). Innovation in knowledge-intensive industries: The double-edged sword of coopetition. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 2060–2070.
Brakman, R. D., & Dean, S. A. (2014). Creative financing for social enterprise. Stanford Social Innovation Review, (Summer), 31–35.
Brandenburger, A. M., & Nalebuff, B. J. (2011). Co-opetition. New York: Crown Publishing Group.
Breschi, S., & Malerba, F. (Eds.). (2005). Clusters, networks and innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Caroli, M. (2015). Modelli ed esperienze di innovazione sociale in Italia [Models and experiences of social innovation in Italy]. Milan: Franco Angeli.
Christensen, T., & Laegreid, P. (2011). Complexity and hybrid public administration: Theoretical and empirical challenges. Public Organization Review, 11, 407–423.
Czernek, K., & Czakon, W. (2016). Trust-building processes in tourist coopetition: The case of a Polish region. Tourism Management, 52, 380–394.
Oliveira de, F. G., & Tavares, J. (2012). Government size versus government efficiency in a model of economic growth. EBES - Eurasian Business and Economics Conference Papers and Proceedings, 1–3 November, Warsaw, Poland.
Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2010). Conceptions of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and divergences. Journal of social entrepreneurship, 1(1), 32–53.
Eggers, W. D., & Macmillan, P. (2013). The solution revolution: How business, government, and social enterprises are teaming up to solve society’s toughest problems. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press.
Evers, A. (2007). Mixed welfare systems and hybrid organizations: Changes in the governance and provision of social services. International Journal of Public Administration, 28(9), 737–748.
Gough, I. (2009). The political economy of the Welfare State’ briefly revisited. Working Paper 09-10 of the European Research Institute. University of Bath.
Grassi, W. (2012). Business models of social enterprise: A design approach of hybridity. Journal of Social Enterpreneurship Perspectives, 1(1), 37–60.
Greenwood, R., Raynard, M., Kodeih, F., Micelotta, E., & Lounsbury, M. (2011). Institutional complexity and organizational responses. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 317–371.
Hacker, J. (2002). The divided Welfare State: The battle over public and private social benefits in the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hairs, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hansmann, H. (2013). All firms are co-operative, and so are governments. Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, 2(2), 1–10.
Harrigan, K. (1985). An application of clustering for strategic group analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 6(1), 55–73.
Hong, J. F. L., & Snell, R. S. (2015). Knowledge development through coopetition: A case study of a Japanese foreign subsidiary and its local suppliers. Journal of World Business, 50(4), 769–780.
Kickul, J., Griffiths, M. D., Gundry, L., & Bacq, S. C. (2011). Entrepreneurial bricolage and innovation ecology: Precursors to social innovation? Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 31(19), 659–673.
Klein, J. (2003). For all these rights: Business, labor, and the shaping of America’s public-private Welfare State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Korpi, W. (2003). Welfare State regress in Western Europe: Politics, institutions, globalization and Europeanization. Working Paper 5/2003 of the Swedish Institute for Social Research. Stockholm University.
Kuhnle, S. (Ed.). (2000). Survival of the European Welfare State. London: Routledge.
Lado, A., Boyd, N., & Hanlon, S. (1997). Competition, cooperation and the search for economic rent: A syncretic model. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 110–141.
Leibfried, S. (Ed.). (2001). Welfare state futures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of world business, 41(1), 36–44.
Mustafa, G., & Lines, R. (2012). Paternalism as a predictors of leadership behaviors: A bi-level analysis. Eurasian Business Review, 2(1), 63–92.
Okura, M. (2007). Strategies of Japanese insurance firm. A game-theory approach. International Studies and Management and Organization, 37(2), 53–69.
Palier, B., & Sykes, R. (2001). Challenges and change: Issues and perspectives in the analysis of globalization and the European Welfare States. In B. Palier, P. M. Prior, & R. Sykes (Eds.), Globalization and European Welfare States: Challenges and change (pp. 1–16). Palgrave: Basingstoke.
Pitlik, H. (2007). A race to liberalization? Diffusion of economic policy reform among OECD-economies. Public Choice, 132, 159–178.
Ragioneria generale dello Stato. (2014). Relazione illustrativa del conto del bilancio [Comments to Reports according to Auditing Standards] [Online]. Accessed April 11, 2015 from http://www.rgs.mef.gov.it
Ritala, P., & Tidstroem, A. (2014). Untangling the value-creation and value-appropriation elements of coopetition strategy: A longitudinal analysis on the firm and relational levels. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 30(4), 498–515.
Robert, F., Marques, P., & Le Roy, F. (2009). Coopetition between SMEs: An empirical study of French professional football. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 8(1), 23–43.
Seaman, B. A., & Young, D. R. (2010). Handbook of research on nonprofit economics and management. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Wang, Y. (2008). Collaborative destination marketing understanding the dynamic process. Journal of Travel Research, 47(2), 151–166.
Wang, E. C., & Alvi, E. (2011). Relative efficiency of government spending and its determinants: Evidence from East Asian Countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 1(1), 3–28.
Wang, L. F. S., & Han, T. D. (2015). Better governance matters optimal privatization policy. Eurasian Economic Review, 5(2), 189–206.
Ward, J. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 15, 317–327.
Wiggins, R. R., & Ruefli, T. W. (1995). Necessary conditions for the predictive validity of strategic groups: Analysis without reliance on clustering techniques. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1635–1656.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Besana, A. (2018). Economics, Competition and Coopetition of the Italian Private Welfare State: A Cluster Analysis. In: Bilgin, M., Danis, H., Demir, E., Can, U. (eds) Eurasian Economic Perspectives. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, vol 8/2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67916-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67916-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67915-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67916-7
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)