Abstract
Pulmonary problems are a major source of morbidity and mortality, especially among patients with severe cerebral palsy. The respiratory problem can exist at multiple levels, including the respiratory centers of the brain, airways, lung parenchyma, pulmonary vasculature, and chest wall. Careful assessment and therapies targeted to each are needed to optimize care. Immunization against respiratory diseases is of paramount importance. Invasive management, such as orthopedic procedures, or the institution of mechanical ventilation must be carefully considered in the context of the patient’s medical condition, family’s value system, and capabilities of the home and local medical system.
References
Evans PM, Alberman E. Certified cause of death in children and young adults with cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:325–9.
Reddihough DS, Baikie G, Walstab JE. Cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia: mortality and causes of death. J Paediatr Child Health. 2001;37:183–6.
Murphy NA, Hoff C, Jorgensen T, et al. Costs and complications of hospitalizations for children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Rehabil. 2006;9:47–52.
Arvedson JC. Feeding children with cerebral palsy and swallowing difficulties. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(Suppl 2):S9–12.
Gerdung CA, Tsang A, Yasseen AS, et al. Association between chronic aspiration and chronic airway infection with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria in children with cerebral palsy. Lung. 2016;194:307–14.
Spiroglou K, Xinias I, Karatzas N, Panteliadis C, et al. Gastric emptying in children with cerebral palsy and gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatr Neurol. 2004;31:177–82.
Vianello IA, Carraro E, Pipitone E, et al. Clinical and pulmonary function markers of respiratory exacerbation risk in subjects with quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Respir Care. 2015;60:1431–7.
Seddon PC, Khan Y. Respiratory problems in children with neurological impairment. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:75–8.
Kwon YH, Lee HY. Differences of the Truncal expansion and respiratory function between children with spastic diplegic and hemiplegic cerebral palsy. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013;25:1633–5.
Kwon YH, Lee HY. Differences of respiratory function according to level of the gross motor function classification system in children with cerebral palsy. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26:389–91.
Lee HY, Kim K. Can walking ability enhance the effectiveness of breathing exercise in children with spastic cerebral palsy? J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26:539–42.
Rousseau MC, Guillotel B. Risk factors for deep venous thrombosis in tetraparesic mentally retarded patients. Brain Inj. 2001;15:1041–4.
Ohmori H, Kanaoka Y, Murata Y, et al. Deep vein thrombosis in patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities, especially diagnosis and prevention of recurrence for chronic thrombosis - serial changes of Sonography and D-dimer. Ann Vasc Dis. 2015;8:290–6.
Kwon YH, Lee HY. Differences in respiratory pressure and pulmonary function among children with spastic diplegic and hemiplegic cerebral palsy in comparison with normal controls. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27:401–3.
Lampe R, Blumenstein T, Turova V, Alves-Pinto A. Lung vital capacity and oxygen saturation in adults with cerebral palsy. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014;8:1691–7.
Sharma GD. Pulmonary function testing in neuromuscular disorders. Pediatrics. 2009;123(Suppl 4):S219–21.
Garcia J, Wical B, Wical W, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in children with cerebral palsy and epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58:1057–62.
Coudeville L, Vanrie A, Andre P. Adult pertussis vaccination strategies and their impact on pertussis in the United States: evaluation of routine and targeted (cocoon) strategies. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;136:604–20.
Whitaker AT, Sharkey M, Diab M. Spinal fusion for scoliosis in patients with globally involved cerebral palsy: an ethical assessment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97:782–7.
Keskinen H, Lukkarinen H, Korhonen K, et al. The lifetime risk of pneumonia in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis at a mean age of 21 years: the role of spinal deformity surgery. J Child Orthop. 2015;9:357–64.
Cassidy C, Craig CL, Perry A, et al. A reassessment of spinal stabilization in severe cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14:731–9.
McElroy MJ, Sponseller PD, Dattilo JR, et al. Growing rods for the treatment of scoliosis in children with cerebral palsy: a critical assessment. Spine (Phila 1976). 2012;37:E1504–10.
Watanabe K, Lenke LG, Daubs MD, et al. Is spine deformity surgery in patients with spastic cerebral palsy truly beneficial?: a patient/parent evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34:2222–32.
Walshe M, Smitth M, Penningtn L. Interventions for drooling in children with cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD008624.
Srivastava R, Downey EC, Ogorman M, et al. Impact of fundoplication versus Gastrojejunal feeding tubes on mortality and in preventing aspiration pneumonia in young children with neurologic impairment who have gastroesophageal reflux disease. Pediatrics. 2009;123:338–45.
Care of the Child with a Chronic Tracheostomy. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2000;161:297–308.
Plioplys AV, Kasnicka I. Nebulized tobramycin: prevention of pneumonias in patients with severe cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2011;4:155–8.
Fitzgerald DA, Follett J, Van Asperen PP. Assessing and managing lung disease and sleep disordered breathing in children with cerebral palsy. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2009;10:18–24.
Plioplys AV, Lewis S, Kasnicka I. Pulmonary vest therapy in pediatric long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2002;3:318–21.
Yuan N, Kane P, Shelton K, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of high-frequency chest wall oscillation in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy and neuromuscular diseases: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. J Child Neurol. 2010;25:815–21.
Birnkrant DJ, Bushby KM, Amin RS, et al. The respiratory management of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a DMD care considerations working group specialty article. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:739–48.
Choi JY, Rha DW, Park ES. Change in pulmonary function after incentive spirometer exercise in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled study. Yonsei Med J. 2016;57:769–75.
Lee HY, Cha YJ, Kim K. The effect of feedback respiratory training on pulmonary function of children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled preliminary report. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28:965–71.
Schwantes S, Wells O’Brien H. Pediatric palliative care for children with complex chronic medical conditions. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2014;61:797–821.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Noritz, G. (2018). Pulmonary Management of the Patient with Cerebral Palsy. In: Panteliadis, C. (eds) Cerebral Palsy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67858-0_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67858-0_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67857-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67858-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)