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Paleogeographic and Kinematic Constraints in the Tectonic Evolution of the Pre-Andean Basement Blocks

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The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes

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Abstract

Formation of the south Central Andes basement cannot be unlinked from the final stages of Western Gondwana amalgamation. This process is still matter of much debate and continuous research. In the last two decades, a picture has emerged that suggests that the accretion and/or displacement of discrete crustal blocks in the Ediacaran and Early Paleozoic was a major process that finally configured the basement upon which three hundred million years later the Andean orogen developed. A main crustal fragment of the basement of central Argentina is the Pampia terrane. Recent, but still scarce, paleomagnetic results on Cambrian rocks from this terrane show anomalous pole positions whose interpretation is still ambiguous. Whether Pampia is a cortical fragment linked to the Amazonian craton that collided against the Rio de la Plata craton coetaneously with the closure of the hypothetical Clymene Ocean, whether it was attached previously and subsequently collided with a western crustal sliver (Western Pampia) associated with the Arequipa-Antofalla terrane, or whether it was a fragment detached from southern Kalahari that was displaced along the margin of the Río de la Plata craton in the Cambrian, cannot be unambiguously solved due to the scarcity of paleomagnetic data. It is generally accepted that the very long magmatic belt along the western boundary of Pampia in the Ordovician (the Famatinian arc) developed on stretched continental crust. Systematic large clockwise rotation of Ordovician magmatic and sedimentary rocks along this belt has been confirmed in recent years, but the originally para-autochthonous rotated terrane model has been replaced by one in which a systematic pattern of small crustal block rotations accompanied deformation due to collision of the allochthnous Cuyania terrane. The very large counterclockwise rotations in the Western Puna (Antofalla terrane) of Chile and Argentina are still interpreted by some authors as evidence of closure of a V-shaped back-arc basin between Antofalla (and Arequipa?) and the Western Gondwana margin in the Late Ordovician. However, the interpretation of such rotations as due to tectonic escape of the Antofalla block during Cuyania collision may be more compatible with geochemical signatures that suggest crustal links between the Sierras Pampeanas and the Puna basements. Paleomagnetic support for the Laurentian origin of the Cuyania terrane has endured the significant improvement of the apparent polar wander path for Gondwana in the Ediacaran–Cambrian. Alternative models suggesting a para-autochthonous origin of Cuyania are difficult to reconcile with different lines of evidence (biogeographic, isotopic) and are not supported by available paleomagnetic data for this terrane. Whether Chilenia is a truly allochtonous terrane or a fragment of Cuyania that rifted apart to collide back in the Devonian is still controversial. Unfortunately, paleomagnetic data are not available to test these models yet.

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Acknowledgements

The Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBACyT 20020130100465BA), the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, Argentina), and the Agencia Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (ANPCyT) gave institutional support to these investigations. We thank the contribution of different colleagues who helped us understand better this complex and still enigmatic geological history. Among others, we would like to thank R. Astini, C. Cingolani, D. Poiré, M. Escayola, M. Lopez de Luchi, V. Ramos, C. Rapela, R. Trindade, and C. Vasquez. Constructive review by M.P. Iglesia Llanos is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IGEBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Augusto E. Rapalini, Silvana E. Geuna & Pablo R. Franceschinis

  2. CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina

    Cecilia M. Spagnuolo

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  1. Augusto E. Rapalini
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  2. Silvana E. Geuna
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  3. Pablo R. Franceschinis
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  4. Cecilia M. Spagnuolo
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Correspondence to Augusto E. Rapalini .

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  1. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Andrés Folguera

  2. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Eduardo Contreras-Reyes

  3. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, Spain

    Nemesio Heredia

  4. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Alfonso Encinas

  5. Instituto de Estudios Andinos (IDEAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Sofía B. Iannelli

  6. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Verónica Oliveros

  7. CICTERRA, CONICET—FCEFyN—Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

    Federico M. Dávila

  8. CICTERRA, CONICET—FCEFyN—Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

    Gilda Collo

  9. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ianiglia, Mendoza, Argentina

    Laura Giambiagi

  10. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Andrei Maksymowicz

  11. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    María Paula Iglesia Llanos

  12. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Bahía Blanca, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

    Martín Turienzo

  13. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Maximiliano Naipauer

  14. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Río Negro, Río Negro, Argentina

    Darío Orts

  15. Instituto de Estudios Andinos (IDEAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Vanesa D. Litvak

  16. Instituto Geofisico Sismológico Ing. Volponi (IGSV), Universidad de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina

    Orlando Alvarez

  17. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    César Arriagada

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Rapalini, A.E., Geuna, S.E., Franceschinis, P.R., Spagnuolo, C.M. (2018). Paleogeographic and Kinematic Constraints in the Tectonic Evolution of the Pre-Andean Basement Blocks. In: Folguera, A., et al. The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes. Springer Earth System Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67774-3_4

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