Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cultural Critique of the Hierarchy of Needs and the Saudi Context

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Employee Motivation in Saudi Arabia

  • 2896 Accesses

Abstract

This Chapter assesses the cross-cultural applicability of the Hierarchy of Need theory within the Saudi context. It also reviews how gender and religion may affect motivation in the workplace. The chapter argues that the people from different parts of the world possess diverse need patterns based on their cultural, religious and other associations, and thus, a Western-centric sample or approach may not represent the needs and motivation of people from other parts of the world.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmad, S. Z. (2011). Businesswomen in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Characteristic, Growth Patterns and Progression in a Regional Context. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 30(7), 610–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ahmadi, H. (2011). Challenges Facing Women Leaders in Saudi Arabia. Human Resource Development International, 14(2), 149–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Aufi, A., & Al-Kalbani, K. A. (2014). Assessing Work Motivation for Academic Librarians in Oman. Library Management, 35(3), 5–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Kahtani, N. K., Ryan, J. J., & Jefferson, T. I. (2006). How Saudi Female Faculty Perceive Internet Technology Usage and Potential. Information, Knowledge, Systems Management, 5(4), 227–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khashan, H. I., Almulla, N. A., Galil, S. A., Rabbulnabi, A. A., & Mishriky, A. M. (2012). Gender Differences in Health Education Needs and Preferences of Saudis Attending Riyadh Military Hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 19(3), 172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Meer, A. R. (1996). A Comparison of the Need Importance Structure Between Saudis and Westerners: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Management Development, 15(5), 56–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alam, S. S., Mohd, R., & Hisham, B. (2011). Is Religiosity an Important Determinant on Muslim Consumer Behaviour in Malaysia? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(1), 83–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, A. J. (2009). Levels of Existence and Motivation in Islam. Journal of Management History, 15(1), 50–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, A., & Al-Shakhis, M. (1987). Hierarchy of Needs among School Administrators in Saudi Arabia. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127(2), 183–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, A. J., Azim, A., & Krishnan, K. (1995). Expatriates and Host Country Nationals: Managerial Values and Decisions Styles. Leadership and Organisation Development Journal, 16(6), 27–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alina, B. (2010). Entrepreneurial Motivations: Are Women Driven by Different Motivators than Men? Some Evidence for EU and Romania. Economic Science Series, 19(2), 358–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alkailani, M., Azzam, I., & Athamneh, A. (2012). Replicating Hofstede in Jordan: Ungeneralized, Reevaluating the Jordanian Culture. International Business Research, 5(4), 71–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, W., & Curington, W. (2014). The Self-Employment of Men and Women: What are their Motivations? Journal of Labor Research, 35(2), 143–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almobaireek, W., & Manolova, T. (2013). Entrepreneurial Motivations among Female University Youth in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Business Economics & Management, 14, 56–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amirhosseini, Z., & Okere, V. O. (2012). Effect of Cultural Dimensions on Stock Exchange Investment Decisions in Iran. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 10(12), 681–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amr, M. (2012). Gender Difference in Performance and Perception about Assessment Tools in Fifth Year Psychiatry Attachment. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(3), 174–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnania-Kepuladze, T. (2010). Gender Stereotypes and Gender Feature of Job Motivation: Differences or Similarity. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 8(2), 84–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • At-Twaijri, M. I. (1989). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of American-Saudi Managerial Values in U.S. Related Firms in Saudi Arabia: An Empirical Investigation. International Studies of Management and Organizations, 19(5), 8–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asamoah, E. S., Chovancová, M., De Alwis, A. C., Kumara, A., Mudiynsela, S., & Guo, Y. (2011). Motivation for Buying Branded Items: A Cross Country Application of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs in Consumer Decision Making. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice. Series D, Faculty of Economics & Administration, 16(21), 6–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badawy, M. K. (1979). Managerial Attitudes and Need Orientation of Midwestern Executive: An Empirical Cross-Cultural Analysis. Academy of Management Proceedings, 39, 293–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badawy, M. K. (1980). Styles of Mideastern Managers. California Management Review, 22(3), 51–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balog, A. M., Baker, L. T., & Walker, A. G. (2014). Religiosity and Spirituality in Entrepreneurship: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, (ahead of print), 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunt, P. (1973). Cultural and Situational Determinants of Job Satisfaction amongst Management in South Africa-A research Note. Journal of Management Studies, 10(2), 133–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blunt, P., & Jones, M. (1986). Managerial Motivation in Kenya and Malawi: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 24(1), 165–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branine, M., & Pollard, D. (2010). Human resource management with Islamic management principles: A dialectic for a reverse diffusion in management. Personnel Review, 39(6), 712–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K., & Cullen, C. (2006). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Used to Measure Motivation for Religious Behaviour. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 9(1), 99–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buera, A., & Glueck, W. F. (1979). The Need Satisfactions of Managers in Libya. Management International Review, 19, 113–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calza, F., Aliane, N., & Cannavale, C. (2010). Cross-Cultural Differences and Italian Firms’ Internationalisation in Algeria: Exploring Assertiveness and Performance Orientation. European Business Review, 22(2), 246–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., … & Ryan, R. M. (2015). Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction, Need Frustration, and Need Strength across Four Cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39(2), 216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., & Zhao, Q. (2013). Gender Differences in Business Faculty’s Research Motivation. Journal of Education for Business, 88(6), 314–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chick, G. (2009). Culture as a Variable in the Study of Leisure. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 305–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. W., & McCabe, S. (1972). The Motivation and Satisfaction of Australian Managers. Personnel Psychology, 25, 625–638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dedoussis, E. (2004). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Organisational Culture: Evidence from Universities in the Arab World and Japan. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 11(1), 15–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dehaghi, M. R., Rouhani, A., & Goodarzi, M. (2013). Pedagogical Needs in the Educational Organisations of Iran: An Investigation and Recognition of its Components. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 82, 642–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, H., & Tarhan, O. K. A. N. (2009). Motivasyon Ãœzerinde Ulusal Kültür Etkisi. Ä°ktisadi ve Ä°dari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Cesare, J., & Sadri, G. (2003). Do all Carrots Look the Same? Examining the Impact of Culture on Employee Motivation. Management Research News, 26(1), 29–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drule, A. M., ChiÅŸ, A., Băcilă, M. F., & Ciornea, R. (2012). A New Perspective of Non-Religious Motivations of Visitors to Sacred Sites: Evidence from Romania. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62, 431–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durmaz, Y. (2014). The Impact of Psychological Factors on Consumer Buying Behaviour and an Empirical Application in Turkey. Asian Social Science, 10(6), 194–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dye, K., Mills, A. J., & Weatherbee, T. (2005). Maslow: Man Interrupted: Reading Management Theory in Context. Management Decision, 43(10), 1375–1395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggerth, D. E., & Flynn, M. A. (2012). Applying the Theory of Work Adjustment to Latino Immigrant Workers: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Career Development, 39(1), 76–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elamin, A., & Omair, K. (2010). Males’ Attitudes Towards Working Females in Saudi Arabia. Personnel Review, 39(6), 746–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farid, M. (2007). Entrepreneurship in Egypt and the US Compared: Directions for Further Research Suggested. Journal of Management Development, 26(5), 428–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fey, C. F. (2005). Opening the Black Box of Motivation: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Sweden and Russia. International Business Review, 14(3), 345–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedlander, F. (1965). Comparative Work Value Systems. Personnel Psychology, 18(1), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gambrel, P. A., & Cianci, R. (2003). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Does it apply in a collectivist culture. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 143–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, G. L., & Walker, D. H. T. (2001). Motivation of Australian White-Collar Construction Employees: A Gender Issue? Engineering Construction & Architectural Management (Wiley-Blackwell), 8(1), 59–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, M. N. (2011). Revisiting Classic Needs Theory: Does Maslow Explain Mexico’s Maquiladora Workers’ Needs? IJMS, 18(1), 49–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graafland, J., Mazereeuw, C., & Yahia, A. (2006). Islam and Socially Responsible Business Conduct: An Empirical Study of Dutch Entrepreneurs. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(4), 390–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunkel, M., Lusk, E. J., Wolff, B., & Li, F. (2007). Gender-Specific Effects at Work: An Empirical Study of Four Countries. Gender, Work & Organisation, 14(1), 56–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haire, M., Ghiselli, E. E., & Porter, L. W. (1966). Managerial Thinking: An International Study. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvard, P. S. (2010). Maslow, Mazes, Minotaurs; Updating Employee Needs and Behaviour Patterns in a Knowledge-Based Global Economy. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1, 117–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, L., Park, K., & Roehl, W. S. (2013). Religion and Perceived Travel Risks. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(8), 839–857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, D. R. (2002). Working with Muslim Youths: Understanding the Values and Beliefs of Islamic Discourse. National Association of Social Workers, 24(1), 6–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. H. (1980a). Motivation, Leadership and Organisation: Do American Theories Apply Abroad? Organisational Dynamics, 9(1), 42–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980b). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1983). The Cultural Relativity of Organisational Practices and Theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 14, 75–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. H. (1984). Culture’s Consequences. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. H. (1991). Culture and Organisations. London: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, P., Strauss, J., & Sorenson, P. F. (1975). Research Note: Cultural and Situational Determinants of Job Satisfaction among Management in Liberia. Journal of Management Studies, 5, 225–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubackova, S. (2014). Motivation in eLearning in University Study. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 112, 309–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, Y., Kettinger, W. J., & Yi, M. Y. (2013). A Study on the Motivational Aspects of Information Management Practice. International Journal of Information Management, 33(1), 177–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ifedili, C. J., & Ifedili, C. I. (2012). Perception of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Nigerian University Workers. A Challenge to University Administrators, 4(1), 79–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itai, I. (2008). Self-Actualisation: For Individualistic Cultures Only? International Journal on Humanistic Ideology, 2, 113–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivancevich, J. M., & Baker, J. C. (1970). A Comparative Study of the Satisfaction of Domestic United States managers and Overseas United States managers. Academy of Management Journal, 13(1), 69–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. C., Santoro, M. J., Ely, T. M., Boehm, L., Kiehl, A. L., Anderson, L. S., et al. (2014). Improving Patient Care Through the Prism of Psychology: Application of Maslow’s Hierarchy to Sedation, Delirium, and Early Mobility in the Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Critical Care, 29(3), 438–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaggi, B. (1979). An Analysis of Perceived Need Importance of Indian Managers. Management International Review, 19(1), 107–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janus, K. (2015). The Effect of Professional Culture on Intrinsic Motivation Among Physicians in an Academic Medical Center. Journal of Healthcare Management, 59(4), 287–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jelavic, M., & Ogilvie, K. (2009). Maslow and Management: Universally Applicable or Idiosyncratic? Canadian Manager, 34(4), 16–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. (1988). Managerial Thinking: An African Perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 25(5), 481–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. C. (2011). Saudi Arabia versus the Arab Spring. Raritan-a Quarterly Review, 31(2), 43–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, J. Y., McCormick, J., Gregory, G., & Barnett, K. (2011). Culture, Motivation, and Vocational Decision-Making of Australian Senior High School Students in Private Schools. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 21(1), 85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalkowski, K. L., & Fritz, S. (2004). A Survey of Gender-Related Motivation Studies: Subordinate Status, Roles, and Stereotyping. Journal of Leadership Education, 3(2), 19–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesebir, S., Graham, J., & Oishi, S. (2010). A Theory of Human Needs Should Be Human-Centered, Not Animal-Centered: Commentary on Kenrick et al. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 315–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. B., & Sheikh, N. N. (2012). Human Resource Development, Motivation and Islam. Journal of Management Development, 31(10), 1021–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, R. B., & McInerney, D. M. (2014). Culture’s Consequences on Student Motivation: Capturing Cross-Cultural Universality and Variability Through Personal Investment Theory. Educational Psychologist, 49(3), 175–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krasulja, N., & Radojevic, I. (2011). Motivational Aspects of Corporate Culture in International Management. Management, 1820–0222(60), 77–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni, D. (2011). Revisiting Maslow The ‘It’ Way—A Case Study. International Conference on Management (ICM 2011) Proceeding. Conference Master Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazaridi, K. (2014). Motivation and Worker Productivity: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of Business, 2(1), 53–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D. (2013). Measuring Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Psychological Reports: Mental & Physical Health, 113(1), 15–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, H. A., Sulsky, L. M., Spence, J. R., & Brown, D. J. (2013). Cultural Differences in the Motivation to Seek Performance Feedback: A Comparative Policy-Capturing Study. Human Performance, 26(3), 211–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manolova, T., Brush, C., & Edelman, L. (2008). What Do Women Entrepreneurs Want? Strategic Change, 17(3/4), 69–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur, A., Zhang, Y., & Neelankavil, J. P. (2001). Critical Managerial Motivational Factors A Cross Cultural Analysis of Four Culturally Divergent Countries. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 1(3), 251–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mellahi, K., Wood, G., Budhwar, P., & Debrah, Y. (2001). Part I: Human Resource Management in Asia: Chapter 9: Human Resource Management in Saudi Arabia. Human Resource Management In Developing Countries, 135–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metle, M. A. K. (2002). The Influence of Traditional Culture on Attitudes towards Work among Kuwaiti Women Employees in the Public Sector. Women in Management Review, 17(6), 245–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirabela, M., & Madela, A. (2013). Cultural Dimensions and Work Motivation in the European Union. Economic Science Series, 22(1), 1511–1519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moaddel, M. (2006). The Saudi Public Speaks: Religion, Gender, and Politics. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 38(01), 79–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moaddel, M., & Karabenick, S. A. (2008). Religious Fundamentalism among Young Muslims in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Social Forces, 86(4), 1675–1710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morden, T. (1995). International Culture and Management. Management Decision, 33(2), 16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M., & Schindehutte, M. (2005). Entrepreneurial Values and the Ethnic Enterprise: An Examination of Six Subcultures. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(4), 453–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nevis, E. G. (1983). Cultural Assumptions and Productivity: The United States and China. Sloan Management Review, 24(3), 17–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noltemeyer, A., Bush, K., Patton, J., & Bergen, D. (2012). The Relationship among Deficiency Needs and Growth Needs: An Empirical Investigation of Maslow’s Theory. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(9), 1862–1867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, D., & Yballe, L. (2007). Maslow Revisited: Constructing a Road Map of Human Nature. Journal of Management Education, 31(6), 738–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ofori-Dankwa, J., & Ricks, D. A. (2000). Research Emphases on Cultural Differences and/or Similarities: Are we Asking the Right Questions? Journal of International Management, 6(2), 173–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onedo, A. O. (1991). The Motivation and Need Satisfaction of Papua New Guinea Managers. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 8(1), 121–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perri, D. F., & Chu, H. M. (2012). Entrepreneurs in China and Vietnam: Motivations and Problems. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 16(93), 93–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrakis, P. E. (2014). Human Needs and Cultural Background. In Culture, Growth and Economic Policy (pp. 9–18). Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pintrich, P. R. (2003). A Motivational Science Perspective on the Role of Student Motivation in Learning and Teaching Contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pulasinghage, C. (2010). Employee Motivation: What Factors Motivate Employees to Work in Nongovernmental Organisations (NGO) in Sri Lanka: A Study According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Model. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(4), 198–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajagopal, N., & Abraham, S. (2009). Prominence of Higher Order Needs: An Indian IT Sector Experience. Vilakshan: The XIMB Journal of Management, 6(2), 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raus, A., & Haita, M. (2011). Leadership Style, Organisational Culture and Work Motivation in a School within Ministry of Interior. Managerial Challenges of the Contemporary Society, 2, 256–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, M. A., Mittelstaedt, J. D. and Hopkins, C. D. (2003). When is a Hierarchy not a Hierarchy? Factors Associated with Different Perceptions of Needs, with Implications for Standardization-Adaptation Decisions in Korea. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 12–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitz, H. J. (1975). The Relative Importance of Five Categories of Needs among Industrial Workers in Eight Countries. Academy of Management Proceedings, 270–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, C. J., Al-Khatib, J. A., & Al-Habib, M. (2002). The Relationship Between Arab Values and Work Beliefs: An Exploratory Examination. Thunderbird International Business Review, 44(5), 583–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues, C. A. (1997). Developing Expatriates’ Cross-Cultural Sensitivity: Cultures Where ‘Your Culture’s OK’ is Really not OK. Journal of Management Development, 16(9), 690–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roe, R., Zinovieva, I., Dienes, E., & Ten Horn, L. (2000). A Comparison of Work Motivation in Bulgaria, Hungary, and the Netherlands: Test of a Model. Applied Psychology, 49(4), 658–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, S., Kraut, A., & Aranya, N. (1976). Categorizing Employee Work Goals for Different Motivational Theories. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1976(1), 276–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, B., Templeton, M., & Kichline, K. (1981). The First Few Years on the Job: Women in Management. Business Horizons, 24(6), 26–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saeednia, Y., & Nor, M. (2013). Measuring Hierarchy of Basic Needs among Adults. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 82, 417–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahoo, F. M., Sahoo, K., & Das, N. (2011). Need Saliency and Management of Employee Motivation: Test of an Indigenous Model. Vilakshan: The XIMB Journal of Management, 7(3), 21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saleh, S. D. (1984). Saudi Arabian Work Needs at Different Job Levels. Engineering Management International, 3(1), 29–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samaha, S. A., Beck, J. T., & Palmatier, R. W. (2014). The Role of Culture in International Relationship Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 78(5), 78–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, A. C. (1970). A Cross-Cultural Study of Industrial Motivation. Southern Quarterly, 8(1970), 145–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1993). Does Business Ethics Make Economic Sense? Business Ethics Quarterly, 3(1), 45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidani, Y. M. (2012). Legitimizing the Stakeholder Perspective at a Saudi Conglomerate. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2012(1), 931–947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slocum, J. W. (1971a). A Comparative Study of the Satisfaction of American and Mexican Operations. Academy of Management Journal, 14(1), 89–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slocum, J. W. (1971b). Do Cultural Differences Affect Job Satisfaction? Academy of Management Proceedings, 1971(1), 136–143. Academy of Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slocum, J. W., Topichak, P. M., & Kuhn, D. G. (1971). A Cross-Cultural Study of Need Satisfaction and Need Importance for Operative Employees. Personnel Psychology, 24(3), 435–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, D. B., Kedia, B. L., & Ezell, D. E. (1980). A Comparative Study of Managerial Need Structure in the U.S. and Peruvian Textile Industries. Management International Review, 20(1), 103–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, T. L. P., & Ibrahim, A. H. S. (1998). Importance of Human Needs During Retrospective Peacetime and the Persian Gulf War: Mideastern Employees. International Journal of Stress Management, 5(1), 25–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taras, V., Steel, P., & Kirkman, B. L. (2011). Three Decades of Research on National Culture in the Workplace: Do the Differences Still Make a Difference? Organisational Dynamics, 40(3), 189–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Å¢icu, D. (2013). Theories of Motivation in Public Policies Process. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 92, 925–929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, N. K., Lee, L. Y. S., & Liu, C. K. (2014). Understanding the Shopping Motivation of Mainland Chinese Tourists in Hong Kong. Journal of China Tourism Research, (Ahead of Print), 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsounis, A., Sarafis, P., & Bamidis, P. (2014). Motivation among Physicians in Greek Public Health-Care Sector. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 4(5), 1094–1105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veronika, S. (2013). Motivation of Online Buyer Behaviour. Journal of Competitiveness, 5(3), 14–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, I. (2014). A Strategic Path to Study IT Use Through Users’ IT Culture and IT Needs: A Mixed-Method Grounded Theory. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 23, 146–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthley, R., MacNab, B., Brislin, R., Ito, K., & Rose, E. (2009). Workforce Motivation in Japan: An Examination of Gender Differences and Management Perceptions. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(7), 1503–1520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K. S. (2002). Beyond Maslow’s Culture-Bound Linear Theory: A Preliminary Statement of the Double-Y Model of Basic Human Needs. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 49, 175–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A. (2011). Doing Research in the (New) Middle East: Sailing with the Wind. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(4), 6–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

    Rodwan Hashim Mohammed Fallatah

  2. Suleman Dawood School of Business, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

    Jawad Syed

Authors
  1. Rodwan Hashim Mohammed Fallatah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jawad Syed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rodwan Hashim Mohammed Fallatah .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fallatah, R.H.M., Syed, J. (2018). Cultural Critique of the Hierarchy of Needs and the Saudi Context. In: Employee Motivation in Saudi Arabia. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67741-5_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation