Abstract
Infrastructure and utilities can be regulated by following different approaches. This chapter discusses, in turn, regulation through public ownership, regulation through mixed public-private ownership firms, regulation through contracts, regulation through Independent Regulatory Agencies (IRAs), and regulation through (quasi-)market competition. The approaches of regulation can be located along a spectrum from the most pervasive role of the government in controlling infrastructure and utilities on the one hand, to the least invasive influence of public authorities on the conduct of infrastructure and utilities firms. The chapter concludes with the discussion of the regulation of telecommunications in Malaysia in the 1990s.
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Asquer, A. (2018). Regulatory Policies, Strategies, and Tools. In: Regulation of Infrastructure and Utilities. Studies in the Political Economy of Public Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67735-4_3
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