Abstract
Optogenetics is a technique to genetically photosensitize neural tissue for both sensing and stimulus. Since its discovery in 2003, it has led to numerous scientific discoveries in basic neuroscience. Now, various groups are attempting to utilise the technique for neuroprosthetic therapies. This chapter explores the background of the technique and engineering approaches to its utilisation.
References
G. Nagel, T. Szellas, W. Huhn, S. Kateriya, N. Adeishvili, P. Berthold, et al., Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel. PNAS 100, 13940–13945 (2003)
E.S. Boyden, F. Zhang, E. Bamberg, G. Nagel, K. Deisseroth, Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1263–1268 (2005)
K. Nikolic, N. Grossman, M.S. Grubb, J. Burrone, C. Toumazou, P. Degenaar, Photocycles of Channelrhodopsin-2. Photochem. Photobiol. 85, 400–411 (2009)
N. Grossman, K. Nikolic, C. Toumazou, P. Degenaar, Modeling study of the light stimulation of a neuron cell with channelrhodopsin-2 mutants. I.E.E.E. Trans. Biomed. Eng. 58, 1742–1751 (2011)
N. Grossman, V. Poher, M.S. Grubb, G.T. Kennedy, K. Nikolic, B. McGovern, et al., Multi-site optical excitation using ChR2 and micro-LED array. J. Neural Eng. 7, 16004 (2010)
I. Reutsky-Gefen, L. Golan, N. Farah, A. Schejter, L. Tsur, I. Brosh, et al., Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity for vision restoration. Nat. Commun. 4, 1509 (2013)
F. Zhang, M. Prigge, F. Beyriere, S. Tsunoda, J. Mattis, O. Yizhar, et al., Red-shifted optogenetic excitation: a tool for fast neural control derived from Volvox carteri. Nat. Nerosci. 11, 631–633 (2008)
J.Y. Lin, P.M. Knutsen, A. Muller, D. Kleinfeld, R.Y. Tsien, ReaChR: a red-shifted variant of channelrhodopsin enables deep transcranial optogenetic excitation. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1499–1508 (2013)
E.A. Ferenczi, J. Vierock, K. Atsuta-Tsunoda, S.P. Tsunoda, C. Ramakrishnan, C. Gorini, K. Thompson, S.Y. Lee, A. Berndt, S. Delp, K. Deisseroth, P. Hegemann, Optogenetic approaches addressing extracellular modulation of neural excitability. Sci. Rep. 6, 23947 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23947
F. Zhang, J. Vierock, O. Yizhar, L.E. Fenno, S. Tsunoda, A. Kianianmomeni, et al., The microbial opsin family of optogenetic tools. Cell 147, 1446–1457 (2011)
A. Matsuno-Yagi, Y. Mukohata, Two possible roles of bacteriorhodopsin; a comparative study of strains of Halobacterium halobium differing in pigmentation, in Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., vol. 78, pp. 237-243, 1977/09/09, (1977)
Y. Mukohata, Y. Kaji, Light-induced membrane-potential increase, ATP synthesis, and proton uptake in Halobacterium-halobium R1mR catalyzed by halorhodopsin – effects of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, triphenyltin chloride, and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidenemalononitrile (SF6847). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 206, 72–76 (1981)
F. Zhang, L.P. Wang, M. Brauner, J.F. Liewald, K. Kay, N. Watzke, et al., Multimodal fast optical interrogation of neural circuitry. Nature 446, 633–6U4 (2007)
X. Han, E.S. Boyden, Multiple-color optical activation, silencing, and desynchronization of neural activity, with single-spike temporal resolution. PLoS One 2, e299 (2007)
K. Nikolic, J. Loizu, P. Degenaar, C. Toumazou, Noise reduction in analogue computation of Drosophila photoreceptors. J. Comp. Electron. 7, 458–461 (2008)
Z. Melyan, E.E. Tarttelin, J. Bellingham, R.J. Lucas, M.W. Hankins, Addition of human melanopsin renders mammalian cells photoresponsive. Nature 433, 741–745 (2005)
X. Qiu, T. Kumbalasiri, S. Carlson, K. Wong, V. Krishna, I. Provencio, et al., Induction of photosensitivity by heterologous expression of melanopsin. Nature 433, 745–749 (2005)
B. Lin, A. Koizumi, N. Tanaka, S. Panda, R.H. Masland, Restoration of visual function in retinal degeneration mice by ectopic expression of melanopsin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 16009–16014 (2008)
T.W. Chen, T.J. Wardill, Y. Sun, S.R. Pulver, S.L. Renninger, A. Baohan, et al., Ultrasensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity. Nature 499, 295–300 (2013)
P. Degenaar, N. Grossman, M.A. Memon, J. Burrone, M. Dawson, E. Drakakis, et al., Optobionic vision—a new genetically enhanced light on retinal prosthesis. J. Neural Eng. 6, 035007 (2009)
A. Bi, J. Cui, Y.P. Ma, E. Olshevskaya, M. Pu, A.M. Dizhoor, et al., Ectopic Expression of a Microbial-Type Rhodopsin Restores Visual Responses in Mice with Photoreceptor Degeneration. Neuron 50, 23–33 (2006)
R. Airan, K. Thompson, L. Fenno, H. Bernstein, K. Deisseroth, Temporally precise in vivo control of intracellular signalling. Nature 458, 1025–1029 (2009)
X. Han, X. Qian, J.G. Bernstein, H.-h. Zhou, G.T. Franzesi, P. Stern, R.T. Bronson, A.M. Graybiel, R. Desimone, E.S. Boyden, Millisecond-timescale optical control of neural dynamics in the nonhuman primate brain. Neuron 62, 191–198 (2009)
S.R. Schultz, C.S. Copeland, A.J. Foust, P. Quicke, R. Schuck, Advances in two-photon scanning and scanless microscopy technologies for functional neural circuit imaging. Proc. IEEE 105, 139–157 (2017)
V. Poher, N. Grossman, G.T. Kennedy, K. Nikolic, H.X. Zhang, Z. Gong, et al., Micro-LED arrays: a tool for two-dimensional neuron stimulation. J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 41, 094014 (2008)
A. Soltan, B. McGovern, E. Drakakis, M. Neil, P. Maaskant, M. Akhter, et al., High density, high radiance μLED matrix for optogenetic retinal prostheses and planar neural stimulation. IEEE Trans. BioCAS 11, 347–359 (2017)
P.P. Maaskant, H. Shams, M. Akhter, W. Henry, M.J. Kappers, D. Zhu, et al., High-speed substrate-emitting micro-light-emitting diodes for applications requiring high radiance. Applied Physics Express 6, 22102–022102 (2013)
N. Grossman, K. Nikolic, et al., A non-invasive retinal prosthesis testing the concept. Proc. EMBC Conf. 2007, 6364–6367 (2007)
D. Kasahara, D. Morita, T. Kosugi, K. Nakagawa, J. Kawamata, Y. Higuchi, et al., Demonstration of blue and green GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers by current injection at room temperature. Appl. Phys. Express 4, 072103 (2011)
L. Chaudet, M. Neil, P. Degenaar, K. Mehran, R. Berlinguer-Palmini, B. Corbet, et al., Development of optics with micro-LED arrays for improved opto-electronic neural stimulation, presented at the Proc. Photonics West, (2013)
K. Tamura, Y. Ohashi, T. Tsubota, D. Takeuchi, T. Hirabayashi, M. Yaguchi, et al., A glass-coated tungsten microelectrode enclosing optical fibers for optogenetic exploration in primate deep brain structures. J. Neurosci. Methods 211, 49–57 (2012)
J. Wang, F. Wagner, D.A. Borton, J. Zhang, I. Ozden, R.D. Burwell, et al., Integrated device for combined optical neuromodulation and electrical recording for chronic in vivo applications. J. Neural Eng. 9, 016001 (2011)
T.V.F. Abaya, S. Blair, P. Tathireddy, L. Rieth, F. Solzbacher, A 3D glass optrode array for optical neural stimulation. Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 3087–3104 (2012)
A.N. Zorzos, J. Scholvin, E.S. Boyden, C.G. Fonstad, Three-dimensional multiwaveguide probe array for light delivery to distributed brain circuits. Opt. Lett. 37, 4841–4843 (2012)
N. McAlinden, D. Massoubre, E. Richardson, E. Gu, S. Sakata, M.D. Dawson, et al., Thermal and optical characterization of micro-LED probes for in vivo optogenetic neural stimulation. Opt. Lett. 38, 992–994 (2013)
M. M. Doroudchi, K. P. Greenberg, A. N. Zorzos, W. W. Hauswirth, C. G. Fonstad, A. Horsager, et al., Towards optogenetic sensory replacement, presented at the 2011 IEEE EMBC conference, (2011)
H. Cao, L. Gu, S.K. Mohanty, J.C. Chiao, An integrated μLED optrode for optogenetic stimulation and electrical recording. I.E.E.E. Trans. Biomed. Eng. 60, 225–229 (2013)
H.B. Zhao, F. Dehkhoda, R. Ramezani, D. Sokolov, P. Degenaar, Y. Liu, et al., A CMOS-based Neural implantable optrode for optogenetic stimulation and electrical recording, in 2015 Ieee Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, (2015), pp. 286–289
V.S. Polikov, P.A. Tresco, W.M. Reichert, Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes. J. Neurosci. Methods 148, 1–18 (2005)
F.Y.B. Chen, D.M. Budgett, Y. Sun, S. Malpas, D. McCormick, P.S. Freestone, Pulse-width modulation of Optogenetic photo-stimulation intensity for application to full-implantable light sources. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 11(1), 28–34 (2017)
B. McGovern, R.B. Palmini, N. Grossman, E. Drakakis, V. Poher, M.A. Neil, et al., A New individually addressable micro-LED Array for photogenetic neural stimulation. IEEE T. BioCAS 4, 469–476 (2010)
W. Al-Atabany, B. McGovern, K. Mehran, R. Berlinguer-Palmini, P. Degenaar, A processing platform for optoelectronic/Optogenetic retinal prosthesis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 60(3), 781–791 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2011.2177498
J.L. Stone, W.E. Barlow, M.S. Humayan, E. de Juan Jr, A.H. Milam, Morphometric analysis of macular photoreceptors and ganglion cells in retinas with retinitis pigmentosa. Arch. Ophthalmol. 110, 1634–1639 (1992)
J.D. Dorn, A.K. Ahuja, A. Caspi, L.d. Cruz, G. Dagnelie, J.A. Sahel, et al., The detection of motion by blind subjects with the epiretinal 60-electrode (Argus II) retinal prosthesis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 131, 183–189 (2013)
K. Stingl, K.U. Bartz-Schmidt, D. Besch, A. Braun, A. Bruckmann, F. Gekeler, et al., Artificial vision with wirelessly powered subretinal electronic implant alpha-IMS. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 280, 20130077 (2013)
S. Picaud, J.-A. Sahel, Retinal prostheses: clinical results and future challenges. C. R. Biol. 337, 214–222 (2014)
R.K. Shepherd, M.N. Shivdasani, D.A.X. Nayagam, C.E. Williams, P.J. Blamey, Visual prostheses for the blind. Trends Biotechnol. 31, 562–571 (2013)
J.M. Barrett, R. Berlinguer-Palmini, P. Degenaar, Optogenetic approaches to retinal prosthesis. Vis. Neurosci. 31, 345–354 (2014)
V. Busskamp, J. Duebel, D. Balya, M. Fradot, T.J. Viney, S. Siegert, et al., Genetic reactivation of cone photoreceptors restores visual responses in retinitis pigmentosa. Science 329, 413–417 (2010)
W. Al-Atabany, B. McGovern, K. Mehran, R. Berlinguer-Palmini, P. Degenaar, A processing platform for optoelectronic/optogenetic retinal prosthesis. IEEE T. BME PP, 1–1 (2011)
W.I. Al-Atabany, M.A. Memon, S.M. Downes, P.A. Degenaar, Designing and testing scene enhancement algorithms for patients with retina degenerative disorders. Biomed. Eng. Online 9, 27 (2010)
W.I. Al-Atabany, T. Tong, P.A. Degenaar, Improved content aware scene retargeting for retinitis pigmentosa patients. Biomed. Eng. Online 9, 52 (Sep 2010)
S. Nirenberg, C. Pandarinath, Retinal prosthetic strategy with the capacity to restore normal vision. PNAS 109, 15012–15017 (2012)
S.E. Boye, S.L. Boye, A.S. Lewin, W.W. Hauswirth, A comprehensive review of retinal gene therapy. Mol. Ther. 21, 509–519 (2013)
J.S. Pezaris, R.C. Reid, Demonstration of artificial visual percepts generated through thalamic microstimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104, 7670–7675 (2007)
R.A. Normann, B.A. Greger, P. House, S.F. Romero, F. Pelayo, E. Fernandez, Toward the development of a cortically based visual neuroprosthesis. J. Neural Eng. 6, 035001 (2009)
O. Förster, Beiträge zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der Sehsphare. J. für Psychologie und Neurologie 39, 463–485 (1929)
G.S. Brindley, W.S. Lewin, The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. J. Physiol. 196, 479–493 (1968)
W.H. Dobelle, M.G. Mladejovsky, J.P. Girvin, Artificial vision for the blind: electrical stimulation of visual cortex offers hope for a functional prosthesis. Science 183, 440–444 (1974)
T. Parittotokkaporn, D.G.T. Thomas, A. Schneider, E. Huq, B.L. Davies, P. Degenaar, et al., Microtextured surfaces for deep-brain stimulation electrodes: a biologically inspired design to reduce lead migration. World Neurosurg. 77, 569–576 (2012)
Nat.Meth.Editorial, Method of the Year 2010. Nat. Methods 8, 1 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Degenaar, P. (2018). Photonic Interaction with the Nervous System. In: Mitra, S., Cumming, D. (eds) CMOS Circuits for Biological Sensing and Processing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67723-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67723-1_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67722-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67723-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)