Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Trichinella and Other Foodborne Nematodes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Foodborne Parasites

Part of the book series: Food Microbiology and Food Safety ((RESDEV))

Abstract

Several foodborne nematode infections are transmitted to humans by the consumption of infected raw meat or fish and of contaminated vegetables and water because of improper animal breeding and food handling. Information on basic biology, epidemiology, disease, diagnosis, treatment, and control measures of seven genera of nematode parasites are provided. Humans acquire Trichinella spp. infection by the consumption of raw meat from swine and wild animals. These parasites have a worldwide socioeconomic significance and are of medical and veterinary importance. Ascaris spp. are soil-transmitted helminths infecting more than one billion people in developing countries and causing substantial economic losses in pigs of both intensive and extensive breeding systems. Larvae of Toxocara spp. and Baylisascaris procyonis are the main etiological agents of visceral and ocular larva migrans also causing neurological disorders in humans. Capillaria philippinensis is the causative agent of intestinal capillariasis, a severe disease caused by the consumption of raw freshwater or brackish-water fish that may lead to death unless patients are treated. Nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma infect humans by the consumption of raw fish, but infections can also arise from eating raw frogs, snakes, and mammals. Humans acquire Trichostrongylus worms by the ingestion of uncooked plants contaminated by livestock and human feces containing eggs of these nematodes. Integration of veterinary and public health efforts in “One Health” is needed to monitor these parasites and to develop a food safety program for these diseases, most of which are zoonotic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albonico, M., Crompton, D. W. T., & Savioli, L. (1999). Control strategies for human intestinal nematode infections. Advances in Parasitology, 42, 278–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. M., & May, R. M. (1991). Infectious diseases of humans: Dynamics and control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ando, K., Tokura, H., Matsuoka, H., Taylor, D., & Chinzei, Y. (1992). Life cycle of Gnathostoma nipponicum Yamaguti, 1941. Journal of Helminthology, 66, 53–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ando, K., Tsunemori, M., Akahane, H., Tesana, S., Hasegawa, H., & Chinzei, Y. (2006). Comparative study on DNA sequences of ribosomal DNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 of mitochondrial DNA among five species of gnathostomes. Journal of Helminthology, 80, 7–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barton, N. H. (2001). The role of hybridization in evolution. Molecular Ecology, 10, 551–568.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, C. (2013). Baylisascariosis – Infections of animals and humans with ‘unusual’ roundworms. Veterinary Parasitology, 193, 404–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaga, R., Durand, B., Antoniu, S., Gherman, C., Cretu, C. M., Cozma, V., & Boireau, P. (2007). A dramatic increase in the incidence of human trichinellosis in Romania over the past 25 years: impact of political changes and regional food habits. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76, 983–986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, M. L., De Ley, P., Garey, J. R., Liu, L. X., Scheldeman, P., Vierstraete, A., et al. (1998). A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature, 392, 71–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blouin, M. S. (2002). Molecular prospecting for cryptic species of nematodes: Mitochondrial DNA versus internal transcribed spacer. International Journal for Parasitology, 32, 527–531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, D. D., Ulrich, M. A., Gregory, D. E., Neumann, N. R., Legg, W., & Stansfield, D. (2005). Treatment of Baylisascaris procyonis infections in dogs with milbemycin oxime. Veterinary Parasitology, 129, 285–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkman, W. B., Kazacos, K. R., Gavin, P. J., Binns, H. J., Robichaud, J. D., O’Gorman, M., et al. (2003). Seroprevalence of Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm) in Chicago area children. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of Pediatric Academic Society, Seattle; Abstr 1872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R., Masuoka, P., & Murrell, K. D. (2008). Swine trichinella infection and geographic information system tools. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14, 1109–1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, W. C. (1988). Trichinosis revisited – Another look at modes of transmission. Parasitology Today, 4, 83–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cancrini, G., Boemi, G., Iori, A., & Corselli, A. (1982). Human infestations by Trichostrongylus axei, T. capricola and T. vitrinus: 1st report in Italy. Parassitologia, 24, 145–149. Italian.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrera, E., Nesheim, M. C., & Crompton, D. W. (1984). Lactose maldigestion in Ascaris-infected preschool children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 39, 255–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallero, S., Snabel, V., Pacella, F., Perrone, V., & D’Amelio, S. (2013). Phylogeographical studies of Ascaris spp. based on ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7, e2170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, M. S. (1997). The global burden of intestinal nematode infections – Fifty years on. Parasitology Today, 13, 438–443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conraths, F. J., Bauer, C., Cseke, J., & Laube, H. (1996). Arbeitsplatzbedingte Infektionen des Menschen mit dem Waschbärspulwurm Baylisascaris procyonis. Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Umweltmed, 31, 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crompton, D. W. T. (2001). Ascaris and ascariasis. Advances in Parasitology, 48, 285–375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cross, J. H. (1992). Intestinal capillariasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 5, 120–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cuperlovic, K., Djordjevic, M., & Pavlovic, S. (2005). Re-emergence of trichinellosis in southeastern Europe due to political and economic changes. Veterinary Parasitology, 132, 159–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dangoudoubiyam, S., & Kazacos, K. R. (2009). Differentiation of larva migrans caused by Baylisascaris procyonis and Toxocara species by Western blotting. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 16, 1563–1568.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Ley, P., & Blaxter, M. L. (2002). Systematic position and phylogeny. In D. Lee (Ed.), The biology of nematodes (pp. 1–30). London: Taylor & Francis.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Despommier, D. D. (1998). How does Trichinella spiralis make itself at home? Parasitology Today, 14, 318–323.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Despommier, D. D. (2003). Toxocariasis: Clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16, 265–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devleesschauwer, B., Praet, N., Speybroeck, N., Torgerson, P. R., Haagsma, J. A., De Smet, K., et al. (2015). The low global burden of trichinellosis: Evidence and implications. International Journal for Parasitology, 45, 95–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dold, C., & Holland, C. V. (2011). Ascaris and ascariasis. Microbes Infect. 13, 632–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupouy-Camet, J., & Bruschi, F. (2007). Management and diagnosis of human trichinellosis. In J. Dupouy-Camet & K. D. Murrell (Eds.), Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis (pp. 37–68). Paris: FAO/WHO/OIE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupouy-Camet, J., Kociecka, W., Bruschi, F., Bolas-Fernandez, F., & Pozio, E. (2002). Opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of human trichinellosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 3, 1117–1130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, Z., Huang, Y., Qian, S., Lv, G., Chen, Y., Yang, B., et al. (2012). Serious diarrhea with weight loss caused by Capillaria philippinensis acquired in China: A case report. BMC Research Notes, 5, 554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fichi, G., Stefanelli, S., Pagani, A., Luchi, S., De Gennaro, M., Gómez-Morales, M. A., et al. (2015). Trichinellosis outbreak caused by meat from a wild boar hunted in an Italian region considered to be at negligible risk for Trichinella. Zoonoses and Public Health, 62, 285–291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fillaux, J., & Magnaval, J. F. (2013). Laboratory diagnosis of human toxocariasis. Veterinary Parasitology 193, 327–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsum, E., Nesheim, M. C., & Crompton, D. W. T. (1981). Nutritional aspects of Ascaris infection in young protein-deficient pigs. Parasitology, 83, 497–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuehrer, H. P., Igel, P., & Auer, H. (2011). Capillaria hepatica in man – An overview of hepatic capillariosis and spurious infections. Parasitology Research, 109, 969–979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, H. R., Pozio, E., Bruschi, F., Nöckler, K., Kapel, C. M., & Gajadhar, A. A. (2004). International Commission on Trichinellosis: Recommendations on the use of serological tests for the detection of Trichinella infection in animals and man. Parasite, 11, 3–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, H. R., Boireau, P., Nöckler, K., & Kapel, C. M. O. (2007). Prevention of Trichinella infection in the domestic pig. In J. Dupouy-Camet & K. D. Murrell (Eds.), Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of trichinellosis (pp. 99–108). Paris: FAO/WHO/OIE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gavin, P. J., Kazacos, K. R., & Shulman, S. T. (2005). Baylisascaris. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 18, 703–718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geenen, P. L., Bresciani, J., Boes, J., Pedersen, A., Eriksen, L., Fagerholm, H. P., et al. (1999). The morphogenesis of Ascaris suum to the infective third-stage larvae within the egg. The Journal of Parasitology, 85, 616–622.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghadirian, E., & Arfaa, F. (1975). Present status of trichostrongyliasis in Iran. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 24, 935–941.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Morales, M. A., Ludovisi, A., Amati, M., Blaga, R., Zivojinovic, M., Ribicich, M., et al. (2012). A distinctive Western blot pattern to recognize Trichinella infections in humans and pigs. International Journal for Parasitology, 42, 1017–1023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottstein, B., Pozio, E., & Nöckler, K. (2009). Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22, 127–145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadju, V., Stephenson, L. S., Abadi, K., Mohammed, H. O., Bowman, D. D., & Parker, R. S. (1996). Improvements in appetite and growth in helminth-infected schoolboys three and seven weeks after a single dose of pyrantel pamoate. Parasitology, 113, 497–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haider, S., Khairnar, K., Martin, D. S., Yang, J., Ralenvski, F., Kazacos, K. R., et al. (2012). Possible pet-associated baylisascariasis in child, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18, 347–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. S., & Chiodini, P. L. (2009). Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22, 484–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D. E., Forbes, L., Kramer, M., Gajadhar, A., & Gamble, H. R. (2007). Larval viability and serological response in horses with long-term Trichinella spiralis infection. Veterinary Parasitology, 146, 107–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzbauer, S. M., Agger, W. A., Hall, R. L., Johnson, G. M., Schmitt, D., Garvey, A., et al. (2014). Outbreak of Trichinella spiralis infections associated with a wild boar hunted at a game farm in Iowa. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59, 1750–1756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Intapan, P. M., Maleewong, W., Sukeepaisarnjaroen, W., & Morakote, N. (2010). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as screening tool for human intestinal capillariasis. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 41, 298–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO18743. (2015). Microbiology of the food chain – Detection of Trichinella larvae in meat by artificial digestion method, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janwan, P., Intapan, P. M., Yamasaki, H., Laummaunwai, P., Sawanyawisuth, K., Wongkham, C., et al. (2013). Application of recombinant Gnathostoma spinigerum matrix metalloproteinase-like protein for serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis by immunoblotting. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89, 63–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, E. J., Schurer, J. M., & Gesy, K. M. (2011). Old problems on a new playing field: Helminth zoonoses transmitted among dogs, wildlife, and people in a changing northern climate. Veterinary Parasitology, 182, 54–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeremiah, C. J., Harangozo, C. S., & Fuller, A. J. (2011). Gnathostomiasis in remote northern Western Australia: The first confirmed cases acquired in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 195, 42–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jex, A. R., Liu, S., Li, B., Young, N. D., Hall, R. S., Yang, L., et al. (2011). Ascaris suum draft genome. Nature, 479, 529–533.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, W. T., Kim, H. J., Min, H. J., Ha, C. Y., Kim, H. J., Ko, G. H., et al. (2012). An indigenous case of intestinal capillariasis with protein-losing enteropathy in Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 50, 333–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapel, C. M., Webster, P., & Gamble, H. R. (2005). Muscle distribution of sylvatic and domestic Trichinella larvae in production animals and wildlife. Veterinary Parasitology, 132, 101–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazacos, K. R. (1991). Visceral and ocular larva migrans. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small Animal), 6, 227–235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazacos, K. R. (1997). Visceral, ocular, and neural larva migrans. In D. H. Connor, F. W. Chandler, D. A. Schwartz, H. J. Manz, & E. E. Lack (Eds.), Pathology of infectious Diseases (Vol. II, pp. 1459–1473). Stamford: Appleton and Lange.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazacos, K. R. (2001). Baylisascaris procyonis and related species. In W. M. Samuel, M. J. Pybus, & A. A. Kocan (Eds.), Parasitic diseases of wild animals (2nd ed., pp. 301–341). London: Manson.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kazacos, K. R., Kilbane, T. P., Zimmerman, K. D., Chavez-Lindell, T., Parman, B., Lane, T., et al. (2011). Raccoon roundworms in pet kinkajous-three States, 1999 and 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60, 302–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazacos, K. R., Jelicks, L. A., & Tanowitz, H. B. (2013). Baylisascaris larva migrans. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 114, 251–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M. W., & Qureshi, F. (1986). Stage-specific secreted antigens of the parasitic larval stages of the nematode Ascaris. Immunology, 58, 515–522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., Lim, H., Hwang, Y. S., Kim, T. Y., Han, E. M., Shin, E. H., et al. (2013). Gnathostoma spinigerum infection in the upper lip of a Korean woman: An autochthonous case in Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 51, 343–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kociecka, W. (2000). Trichinellosis: Human disease, diagnosis and treatment. Veterinary Parasitology, 93, 365–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korhonen P. K., Pozio, E., La Rosa, G., Chang, B. C. H., Koehler, A. V., Hoberg, E. P., et al. (2016). Phylogenomic and biogeographic reconstruction of the Trichinella complex. Nature Communications, 7, 10513; in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krivokapich, S. J., Prous, C. L., Gatti, G. M., & Saldía, L. (2015). First finding of Trichinella pseudospiralis in the Neotropical region. Veterinary Parasitology, 208, 268–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Küchle, M., Knorr, H. L. J., Medenblik-Frysch, S., Weber, A., Bauer, C., & Naumann, G. O. H. (1993). Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis syndrome in a German most likely caused by the raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 231, 48–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laummaunwai, P., Sawanyawisuth, K., Intapan, P. M., Chotmongkol, V., Wongkham, C., & Maleewong, W. (2007). Evaluation of human IgG class and subclass antibodies to a 24 kDa antigenic component of Gnathostoma spinigerum for the serodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis. Parasitology Research, 101, 703–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Librado, P., & Rozas, J. (2009). DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25, 1451–1452.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L. H., Lin, M. R., Choi, W. M., Hwang, K. P., Hsu, Y. H., Bair, M. J., et al. (2006). Human intestinal capillariasis (Capillaria philippinensis) in Taiwan. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74, 810–813.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marinculic, A., Gaspar, A., Duraković, E., Pozio, E., & La Rosa, G. (2001). Epidemiology of swine trichinellosis in the Republic of Croatia. Parasite, 8(2S), S92–S94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyashita, M. (1993). Prevalence of Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons in Japan and experimental infections of the worm in laboratory animals. Journal of Urban Living and Health Association, 37, 137–151. Japanese.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed, A. S., Moore, G. E., & Glickman, L. T. (2009). Prevalence of intestinal nematode parasitism among pet dogs in the United States (2003-2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 234, 631–637.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukarati, N. L., Vassilev, G. D., Tagwireyi, W. M., & Tavengwa, M. (2013). Occurrence, prevalence and intensity of internal parasite infections of African lions (Panthera leo) in enclosures at a recreation park in Zimbabwe. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 44, 686–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murrell, K. D., & Pozio, E. (2011). Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986–2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 2194–2202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nawa, Y., Hatz, C., & Blum, J. (2005). Sushi delights and parasites: the risk of fishborne and foodborne parasitic zoonoses in Asia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 41, 1297–1303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nieberding, C., Morand, S., Libois, R., & Michaux, J. R. (2004). A parasite reveals cryptic phylogeographic history of its host. Proceedings of the Biological Sciences, 271, 2559–2568.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nithikathkul, C., Saichua, P., Royal, L., & Cross, J. H. (2011). Capillariosis. In S. R. Palmer, E. J. L. Lord Soulsby, P. R. Torgerson, & D. W. G. Brown (Eds.), Oxford text of zoonoses. Biology, clinical practice, and public health control (p. 727737). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nöckler, K., & Kapel, C. M. O. (2007). Detection and surveillance for Trichinella meat inspection and hygiene, and legislation. In J. Dupouy-Camet & K. D. Murrell (Eds.), Guidelines for the surveillance, management, prevention and control of Trichinellosis (pp. 69–97). Paris: FAO/WHO/OIE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, T. J. (2011). Trichostrongylidosis. In S. R. Palmer, L. Soulsby, P. R. Torgerson, & B. DWG (Eds.), Zoonoses biology, clinical practice, and public health control (pp. 798–800). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nontasut, P., Claesson, B. A., Dekumyoy, P., Pakdee, W., & Chullawichit, S. (2005). Double-dose ivermectin vs albendazole for the treatment of gnathostomiasis. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36, 650–652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlandi, P., Chu, D., Bier, J., & Jackson, G. (2002). Parasites and the food supply. Food Technology, 56, 72–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overgaauw, P. A. M., & van Knapen, F. (2013). Veterinary and public health aspects of Toxocara spp. Veterinary Parasitology, 193, 398–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pai, P. J., Blackburn, B. R., Kazacos, K. R., Warrier, R. P., & Bégué, R. E. (2007). Full recovery from Baylisascaris procyonis eosinophilic meningitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 928–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, C. S., Thompson, R. C., Traub, R. J., Rees, R., & Robertson, I. D. (2008). National study of the gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and cats in Australia. Veterinary Parasitology, 151, 181–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pawlowski, Z. S., & Davis, A. (1989). Morbidity and mortality in ascariasis. In D. W. T. Crompton, M. C. Nesheim, & Z. S. Pawlowski (Eds.), Ascariasis and its prevention and control (pp. 71–86). London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozio, E. (1998). Trichinellosis in the European union: Epidemiology, ecology and economic impact. Parasitology Today, 14, 35–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pozio, E., Gomez Morales, M. A., & Dupouy-Camet, J. (2003). Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of trichinellosis. Expert Review of Anti Infective Therapy, 1, 471–482.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pozio, E. (2007). World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. Veterinary Parasitology, 149, 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozio, E. (2014). Searching for Trichinella: Not all pigs are created equal. Trends in Parasitology, 30, 4–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozio, E. (2015). Trichinella spp. imported with live animals and meat. Veterinary Parasitology, 213, 46–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozio, E., & Murrell, K. D. (2006). Systematics and epidemiology of Trichinella. Advances in Parasitology, 63, 367–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozio, E., & Zarlenga, D. S. (2013). New pieces of the Trichinella puzzle. International Journal for Parasitology, 43, 983–997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozio, E., Hoberg, E., La Rosa, G., & Zarlenga, D. S. (2009). Molecular taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of nematodes belonging to the Trichinella genus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 9, 606–616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pullan, R. L., & Brooker, S. J. (2012). The global limits and populations at risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasites and Vectors, 5, 81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quattrocchi, G., Nicoletti, A., Marin, B., Bruno, E., Druet-Cabanac, M., & Preux, P. M. (2012). Toxocariasis and epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6, e1775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralph, A., O’Sullivan, M. V., Sangster, N. C., & Walker, J. C. (2006). Abdominal pain and eosinophilia in suburban goat keepers – Trichostrongylosis. The Medical Journal of Australia, 184, 467–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribicich, M., Gamble, H. R., Rosa, A., Bolpe, J., & Franco, A. (2005). Trichinellosis in Argentina: An historical review. Veterinary Parasitology, 132, 137–142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribicich, M., Gamble, H. R., Rosa, A., Sommerfelt, I., Marquez, A., Mira, G., et al. (2007). Clinical, haematological, biochemical and economic impacts of Trichinella spiralis infection in pigs. Veterinary Parasitology, 147, 265–270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roepstorff, A., & Nansen, P. (1998). The epidemiology, diagnosis and control of Helminth parasites of Swine, A FAO handbook. Rome: FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roepstorff, A., Nilsson, O., Oksanen, A., Gjerde, B., Richter, S. H., Örtenberg, E., et al. (1998). Intestinal parasites in swine in the Nordic countries: prevalence and geographical distribution. Veterinary Parasitology, 76, 305–319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ronéus, O. (1966). Studies on aetiology and pathogenesis of white spots in the liver of pigs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 7, 1–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudmann, D. G., Kazacos, K. R., Storandt, S. T., Harris, D. L., & Janovitz, E. B. (1996). Baylisascaris procyonis larva migrans in a puppy: A case report and update for the veterinarian. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 32, 73–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rusnak, J. M., & Lucey, D. R. (1993). Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 16, 33–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saichua, P., Nithikathkul, C., & Kaewpitoon, N. (2008). Human intestinal capillariasis in Thailand. The World Journal of Gastroenterology, 28, 506–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sangchan, A., Wongsaensook, A., Kularbkaew, C., Sawanyawisuth, K., Sukeepaisarnjaroen, W., & Mairiang, P. (2007). The endoscopic-pathologic findings in intestinal capillariais: A case report. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 90, 175–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seehausen, O. (2004). Hybridization and adaptive radiation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19, 198–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shafir, S. C., Sorvillo, F. J., Sorvillo, T., & Eberhard, M. L. (2011). Viability of Baylisascaris procyonis eggs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 1293–1295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sieu, T. P., Dung, T. T., Nga, N. T., Hien, T. V., Dalsgaard, A., Waikagul, J., et al. (2009). Prevalence of Gnathostoma spinigerum infection in wild and cultured swamp eels in Vietnam. The Journal of Parasitology, 95, 246–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skallerup, P., Nejsum, P., Jørgensen, C. B., Göring, H. H., Karlskov-Mortensen, P., Archibald, A. L., et al. (2012). Detection of a quantitative trait locus associated with resistance to Ascaris suum infection in pigs. International Journal for Parasitology, 42, 383–391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Y., & Kok, O. B. (2006). Faecal helminth egg and oocyst counts of a small population of African lions (Panthera leo) in the southwestern Kalahari, Namibia. The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 73, 71–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sofronic-Milosavljevic, L. J., Djordjevic, M., Plavsic, B., & Grgic, B. (2013). Trichinella infection in Serbia in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Veterinary Parasitology, 194, 145–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soukhathammavong, P., Sayasone, S., Harimanana, A. N., Akkhavong, A., Thammasack, S., Phoumindr, N., et al. (2008). Three cases of intestinal capillariasis in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79, 735–738.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, L. A. S., Crompton, D. W., Latham, M. C., Schulpen, T. W., Nesheim, M. C., & Jansen, A. A. (1980). Relationships between Ascaris infection and growth of malnourished preschool children in Kenya. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33, 1165–1172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, T. B., & Hale, O. M. (1988). Losses to internal parasites in swine production. Journal of Animal Science, 66, 1548–1554.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taira, K., Saeed, I., Permin, A., & Kapel, C. M. (2004). Zoonotic risk of Toxocara canis infection through consumption of pig or poultry viscera. Veterinary Parasitology, 121, 115–124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Petersen, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., & Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 2731–2739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesana, S., Bhuripanyo, K., Sanpitak, P., & Sithithaworn, P. (1983). Intestinal capillariasis from Udon Thani province, northeastern part of Thailand: Report of an autopsy case. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 66, 128–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torgerson, P. R., de Silva, N. R., Fèvre, E. M., Kasuga, F., Rokni, M. B., Zhou, X. N., et al. (2014). The global burden of foodborne parasitic diseases: an update. Trends in Parasitology, 30, 20–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vantassel, S. M. (2012). A draft proposal for an industry protocol for the cleanup of raccoon latrines. In Proceedings of the 14th Wildlife Damage Management Conference (pp. 33–39), Nebraska City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargas, T. J., Kahler, S., Dib, C., Cavaliere, M. B., & Jeunon-Sousa, M. A. (2012). Autochthonous gnathostomiasis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18, 2087–2089.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasantha, P. L., Girish, N., & Leela, K. S. (2012). Human intestinal capillariasis: A rare case report from non-endemic area (Andhra Pradesh, India). Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 30, 236–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, G. E., Rosenberg, E. B., Strickland, G. T., Gutman, R. A., Cross, J. H., & Watten, R. H. (1969). Intestinal capillariasis – A new disease in man. Lancet, i, 13–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wongsawasdi, L., Ukarapol, N., & Lertprasertsuk, N. (2002). The endoscopic diagnosis of intestinal capillariasis in a child: A case report. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 33, 730–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Organization for Animal Health. (2013). Infection with Trichinella spp. In Terrestrial animal health code, chapter 8.14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, X. Q., Chilton, N. B., Jacobs, D. E., Boes, J., & Gasser, R. B. (1999). Characterisation of Ascaris from human and pig hosts by nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. International Journal for Parasitology, 29, 469–478.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, C., Li, M., Yuan, K., Deng, S., & Peng, W. (2012). Pig Ascaris: An important source of human ascariasis in China. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 12, 1172–1177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy

    Edoardo Pozio

Authors
  1. Edoardo Pozio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Edoardo Pozio .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science & Technology and Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA

    Ynés R. Ortega

  2. School of Animal and Comparative, Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Charles R. Sterling

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pozio, E. (2018). Trichinella and Other Foodborne Nematodes. In: Ortega, Y., Sterling, C. (eds) Foodborne Parasites. Food Microbiology and Food Safety(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67664-7_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation