Skip to main content

Amoeba and Ciliates

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Foodborne Parasites

Part of the book series: Food Microbiology and Food Safety ((RESDEV))

  • 1468 Accesses

Abstract

The amoeba and ciliates are protozoan parasites that have been causing illness in humans since antiquity. The most relevant foodborne parasites of these groups are Entamoeba histolytica and Balantidium coli. Entamoeba dispar has been identified mostly in asymptomatic patients however, reports demonstrating invasive amebiasis caused by E. dispar may indicate various levels of pathogenicity. In recent years, studies on the pathogenesis and immune responses to amoebiasis are providing insights on how to control this parasitosis that affects more than 50 million people annually.This chapter will address the various aspects of these parasites, from the biology, life cycle, clinical presentation, and treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acuna-Soto, R., Maguire, J. H., & Wirth, D. F. (2000). Gender distribution in asymptomatic and invasive amebiasis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95, 1277–1283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anargyrou, K., Petrikkos, G. L., Suller, M. T., Skiada, A., Siakantaris, M. P., Osuntoyinbo, R. T., Pangalis, G., & Vaiopoulos, G. (2003). Pulmonary Balantidium coli infection in a leukemic patient. American Journal of Hematology, 73, 180–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, L and Bruckner, DA. (1993). Intestinal protozoa: Flagellates and ciliates. In L. S. Garcia & D. A. Bruckner (Eds.), Diagnostic medical parasitology (Vol. 3, pp. 31–44). Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (1997). WHO/PAHO/UNESCO report. A consultation with experts on amoebiasis. Mexico City, Mexico 28–29 January, 1997. Epidemiological Bulletin, 18, 13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arhets, P., Olivo, J. C., Gounon, P., Sansonetti, P., & Guillen, N. (1998). Virulence and functions of myosin II are inhibited by overexpression of light meromyosin in Entamoeba histolytica. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 9, 1537–1547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basset, D., Gaumerais, H., & Basset-Pougnet, A. (1986). Intestinal parasitoses in children of an Indian community of Bolivian altiplano. Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique Et De Ses Filiales, 79, 237–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruckner, D. A. (1992). Amebiasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 5, 356–369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, W. P. (1996). Dientamoeba fragilis. An unusual intestinal pathogen. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 41, 1811–1813.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D., Mann, B. J., & Chadee, K. (2000). A subunit vaccine candidate region of the Entamoeba histolytica galactose-adherence lectin promotes interleukin-12 gene transcription and protein production in human macrophages. European Journal of Immunology, 30, 423–430.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castro, J., Vazquez-Iglesias, J. L., & rnal-Monreal, F. (1983). Dysentery caused by Balantidium coli – report of two cases. Endoscopy, 15, 272–274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CDC. (2017). Amebiasis. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/amebiasis. Accessed Feb 2017.

  • Devera, R., Requena, I., Velasquez, V., Castillo, H., Guevara, R., De, S. M., Marin, C., & Silva, M. (1999). Balantidiasis in a rural community from bolivar state, Venezuela. Boletín Chileno de Parasitología, 54, 7–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diana, E. (2003). Intestinal parasitoses: A history of scientific progress and endemic disease in society. In D. Dionisio (Ed.), Atlas of intestinal infections in AIDS (Vol. 1, pp. 7–34). Milano: Springer-Verlag Italia.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa-Cantellano, M., & Martinez-Palomo, A. (2000). Pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis: From molecules to disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13, 318–331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evangelopoulos, A., Spanakos, G., Patsoula, E., Vakalis, N., & Legakis, N. (2000). A nested, multiplex, PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in faeces. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 94, 233–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, L. S. (1999). Flagellates and ciliates. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 19, 621–638. vii.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, L. S., Shimizu, R. Y., & Bernard, C. N. (2000). Detection of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens using the triage parasite panel enzyme immunoassay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 3337–3340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hindsbo, O., Nielsen, C. V., Andreassen, J., Willingham, A. L., Bendixen, M., Nielsen, M. A., & Nielsen, N. O. (2000). Age-dependent occurrence of the intestinal ciliate Balantidium coli in pigs at a Danish research farm. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 41, 79–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. A., & Clark, C. G. (2000). Cryptic genetic diversity in Dientamoeba fragilis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 4653–4654.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karuna, T., & Khadanga, S. (2014). A rare case of urinary balantidiasis in an elderly renal failure patient. Trop Parasitol, 4, 47–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keene, W. E., Petitt, M. G., Allen, S., & McKerrow, J. H. (1986). The major neutral proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 163, 536–549.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelsall, B. L., & Ravdin, J. I. (1993). Degradation of human IgA by Entamoeba histolytica. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 168, 1319–1322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R. (1978). Giardiasis, isosporiasis and balantidiasis. Clinics in Gastroenterology, 7, 31–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ladas, S. D., Savva, S., Frydas, A., Kaloviduris, A., Hatzioannou, J., & Raptis, S. (1989). Invasive balantidiasis presented as chronic colitis and lung involvement. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 34, 1621–1623.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laughlin, R. C., & Temesvari, L. A. (2005). Cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis: Prospects for intervention. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, 7, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leber, A. L., & Novak, S. M. (2005). Intestinal and urogenital parasites. In P. R. Murray, B. EJ, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, & R. H. Yolken (Eds.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology (Vol. 133, pp. 1990–2007). Washington: ASM Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leippe, M., Andra, J., Nickel, R., Tannich, E., & Muller-Eberhard, H. J. (1994). Amoebapores, a family of membranolytic peptides from cytoplasmic granules of Entamoeba histolytica: Isolation, primary structure, and pore formation in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. Molecular Microbiology, 14, 895–904.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lösch, F. (1875). Massenhafte entwicklung von amobën im dickdarm. Archiv für pathologische anatomie und physiologie und für klinsche medicin, von Rudolf Virchow, 65, 196–121. Ref Type: Journal (Full).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maleky, F. (1998). Case report of Balantidium coli in human from south of Tehran, Iran. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 52, 201–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgado, P., Manna, D., & Singh, U. (2016). Recent advances in Entamoeba biology: RNA interference, drug discovery, and gut microbiome. F1000Res. 5:2578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakauchi, K. (1999). The prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in fifty-six mammalian species. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 61, 63–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, S. J., Cheng, M. Y., Liu, K. H., & Horng, C. B. (1996). Use of the ProSpecT microplate enzyme immunoassay for the detection of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica in faecal specimens. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 248–249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petri, W. A., Jr., Chapman, M. D., Snodgrass, T., Mann, B. J., Broman, J., & Ravdin, J. I. (1989). Subunit structure of the galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264, 3007–3012.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pillai, D. R., Keystone, J. S., Sheppard, D. C., MacLean, J. D., MacPherson, D. W., & Kain, K. C. (1999). Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar: Epidemiology and comparison of diagnostic methods in a setting of nonendemicity. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 29, 1315–1318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, M. E., Perez, D. G., Nader, E., & Gomez, C. (2005). Entamoeba histolytica: Functional characterization of the −234 to −196 bp promoter region of the multidrug resistance EhPgp1 gene. Experimental Parasitology, 110, 238–243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, W. L., Tachibana, H., Silva-Tahat, M. R., Uemura, H., & Kanbara, H. (1996). Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and E. Dispar DNA from cysts present in stool specimens by polymerase chain reaction: Its field application in the Philippines. Parasitology Research, 82, 585–589.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, I., Bach, D., Loew, L. M., & Gitler, C. (1989). Isolation, characterization and partial purification of a transferable membrane channel (amoebapore) produced by Entamoeba Histolytica. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 33, 237–247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, S., Kabir, M., Mondal, D., Ali, I. K., Petri, W. A., Jr., & Haque, R. (2005). Real-time-PCR assay for diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 2168–2172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanuki, J., Asai, T., Okuzawa, E., Kobayashi, S., & Takeuchi, T. (1997). Identification of Entamoeba Histolytica and E. Dispar cysts in stool by polymerase chain reaction. Parasitology Research, 83, 96–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sargeaunt, P. G., Williams, J. E., & Grene, J. D. (1978). The differentiation of invasive and non-invasive Entamoeba histolytica by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 72(5), 519–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seijo, M. M., Gonzalez-Mediero, G., Santiago, P., Rodriguez De, L. A., Diz, J., Conde, C., & Visvesvara, G. S. (2000). Granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: Isolation of acanthamoeba sp. group II from brain tissue and successful treatment with sulfadiazine and fluconazole. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 3892–3895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solaymani-Mohammadi, S., Rezaian, M., Hooshyar, H., Mowlavi, G. R., Babaei, Z., & Anwar, M. A. (2004). Intestinal protozoa in wild boars (Sus Scrofa) in western Iran. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 40, 801–803.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasilakopoulou, A., Dimarongona, K., Samakovli, A., Papadimitris, K., & Avlami, A. (2003). Balantidium coli pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 35, 144–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walderich, B., Weber, A., & Knobloch, J. (1997). Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar from German travelers and residents of endemic areas. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 57, 70–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weng, Y. B., Hu, Y. J., Li, Y., Li, B. S., Lin, R. Q., Xie, D. H., Gasser, R. B., & Zhu, X. Q. (2005). Survey of intestinal parasites in pigs from intensive farms in Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. Veterinary Parasitology, 127, 333–336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ximénez, C., Cerritos, R., Rojas, L., Dolabella, S., Morán, P., Shibayama, M., González, E., Valadez, A., Hernández, E., Valenzuela, O., Limón, A., Partida, O., & Silva, E. F. (2010). Human amebiasis: breaking the paradigm? Int J Environ Res Public Health, 7(3), 1105–1120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaki, M., & Clark, C. G. (2001). Isolation and characterization of polymorphic DNA from Entamoeba Histolytica. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 897–905.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z., Wang, L., Seydel, K. B., Li, E., Ankri, S., Mirelman, D., & Stanley, S. L., Jr. (2000). Entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinases with interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) activity cause intestinal inflammation and tissue damage in amoebiasis. Molecular Microbiology, 37, 542–548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zindrou, S., Orozco, E., Linder, E., Tellez, A., & Bjorkman, A. (2001). Specific detection of Entamoeba Histolytica DNA by hemolysin gene targeted PCR. Acta Tropica, 78, 117–125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ynés R. Ortega .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ortega, Y.R., Verastegui, M. (2018). Amoeba and Ciliates. In: Ortega, Y., Sterling, C. (eds) Foodborne Parasites. Food Microbiology and Food Safety(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67664-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics