Skip to main content

A Comparison of the Deep Learning Methods for Solving Seafloor Image Classification Task

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Information and Software Technologies (ICIST 2017)

Part of the book series: Communications in Computer and Information Science ((CCIS,volume 756))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

An accurate interpretation of seabed images is relevant for evaluating and monitoring ecosystem states, assessing environmental impact, mapping seabed sediment, tracking life forms, and carrying out many other tasks. The main scope of this study is to establish an automated, accurate and efficient classification system of seabed images using state-of-the-art techniques. A convolutional neural network and other deep learning algorithms have been used to solve the seafloor images classification problem. To test the proposed techniques, images of five benthic classes were used, and the classes include “Red algae”, “Sponge”, “Sand”, “Lithothamnium” and “Kelp”. The task has been solved with the overall accuracy of 92.78% using a dataset consisting of 18356 image regions and the 10-fold cross-validation to assess the performance. The advantages of the convolutional neural network are presented and compared with the results obtained using two other deep learning techniques following different dataset formation approaches. The comparison of the classification results has shown that deep learning methods are suitable for seabed images classification, where the best precision has been shown by the convolutional neural network.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Achanta, R., Shaji, A., Smith, K., Lucchi, A., Fua, P., Susstrunk, S.: Slic superpixels compared to state-of-the-art superpixel methods. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34(11), 2274–2282 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Al-Barazanchi, H.A., Verma, A., Wang, S.: Performance evaluation of hybrid CNN for sipper plankton image calssification. In: 2015 Third International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP), pp. 551–556, December 2015

    Google Scholar 

  3. Beijbom, O., Edmunds, P.J., Kline, D.I., Mitchell, B.G., Kriegman, D.: Automated annotation of coral reef survey images. In: 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1170–1177, June 2012

    Google Scholar 

  4. Caudill, M.: Neural networks primer, part I. AI Expert 2(12), 46–52 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ciresan, D.C., Meier, U., Gambardella, L.M., Schmidhuber, J.: Convolutional neural network committees for handwritten character classification. In: 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 1135–1139, September 2011

    Google Scholar 

  6. Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.J., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L.: Imagenet: a largescale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 248–255, June 2009

    Google Scholar 

  7. Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., Malik, J.: Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 580–587, June 2014

    Google Scholar 

  8. Huang, H.B., Huang, X.R., Li, R.X., Lim, T.C., Ding, W.P.: Sound quality prediction of vehicle interior noise using deep belief networks. Appl. Acoust. 113, 149–161 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jia, Y., Shelhamer, E., Donahue, J., Karayev, S., Long, J., Girshick, R., Guadarrama, S., Darrell, T.: Caffe: convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1408.5093 (2014)

  10. Li, X., Shang, M., Hao, J., Yang, Z.: Accelerating fish detection and recognition by sharing CNNs with objectness learning. In: OCEANS 2016 – Shanghai, pp. 1–5, April 2016

    Google Scholar 

  11. Li, X., Shang, M., Qin, H., Chen, L.: Fast accurate fish detection and recognition of underwater images with fast r-CNN. In: OCEANS 2015 - MTS/IEEE Washington, pp. 1–5, October 2015

    Google Scholar 

  12. Li, Y., Lu, H., Li, J., Li, X., Li, Y., Serikawa, S.: Underwater image de-scattering and classification by deep neural network. Comput. Electr. Eng. 54, 68–77 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Mahmood, A., Bennamoun, M., An, S., Sohel, F., Boussaid, F., Hovey, R., Kendrick, G., Fisher, R.B.: Automatic annotation of coral reefs using deep learning. In: OCEANS 2016 MTS/IEEE Monterey, pp. 1–5, September 2016

    Google Scholar 

  14. Mahmood, A., Bennamoun, M., An, S., Sohel, F., Boussaid, F., Hovey, R., Kendrick, G., Fisher, R.B.: Coral classification with hybrid feature representations. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 519–523, September 2016

    Google Scholar 

  15. Oquab, M., Bottou, L., Laptev, I., Sivic, J.: Learning and transferring mid-level image representations using convolutional neural networks. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1717–1724, June 2014

    Google Scholar 

  16. Osterloff, J., Nilssen, I., Jrnegren, J., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Nattkemper, T.W.: Polyp activity estimation and monitoring for cold water corals with a deep learning approach. In: 2016 ICPR 2nd Workshop on Computer Vision for Analysis of Underwater Imagery (CVAUI), pp. 1–6, December 2016

    Google Scholar 

  17. Qin, C., Song, S., Huang, G., Zhu, L.: Unsupervised neighborhood component analysis for clustering. Neurocomputing 168, 609–617 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Qin, H., Li, X., Liang, J., Peng, Y., Zhang, C.: Deepfish: accurate underwater live fish recognition with a deep architecture. Neurocomputing 187, 49–58 (2016). Recent Developments on Deep Big Vision

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Razavian, A.S., Azizpour, H., Sullivan, J., Carlsson, S.: CNN features off-the-shelf: an astounding baseline for recognition. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 512–519, June 2014

    Google Scholar 

  20. Salman, A., Jalal, A., Shafait, F., Mian, A., Shortis, M., Seager, J., Harvey, E.: Fish species classification in unconstrained underwater environments based on deep learning. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 14(9), 570–585 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Saskov, A., Dahlgren, T.G., Rzhanov, Y., Schläppy, M.L.: Comparison of manual and semi-automatic underwater imagery analyses for monitoring of benthic hard-bottom organisms at offshore renewable energy installations. Hydrobiologia 756(1), 139–153 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Stallkamp, J., Schlipsing, M., Salmen, J., Igel, C.: The german traffic sign recognition benchmark: a multi-class classification competition. In: The 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 1453–1460, July 2011

    Google Scholar 

  23. Yu, W., Yang, K., Yao, H., Sun, X., Xu, P.: Exploiting the complementary strengths of multi-layer (CNN) features for image retrieval. Neurocomputing 237, 235–241 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhu, J., Liao, S., Yi, D., Lei, Z., Li, S.Z.: Multi-label CNN based pedestrian attribute learning for soft biometrics. In: 2015 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB), pp. 535–540, May 2015

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors sincerely thank Sergej Olenin and his team for allowing them to use their video sequences and manual data labelling.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tadas Rimavicius .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Cite this paper

Rimavicius, T., Gelzinis, A. (2017). A Comparison of the Deep Learning Methods for Solving Seafloor Image Classification Task. In: Damaševičius, R., Mikašytė, V. (eds) Information and Software Technologies. ICIST 2017. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 756. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67642-5_37

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67642-5_37

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67641-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67642-5

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics