Abstract
A key challenge in developing companion agents for children is keeping them interested after novelty effects wear off. Self Determination Theory posits that motivation is sustained if the human feels related to another human. According to Social Penetration Theory, relatedness can be established through the reciprocal disclosure of information about the self. Inspired by these social psychology theories, we developed a disclosure dialog module to study the self-disclosing behavior of children in response to that of a virtual agent. The module was integrated into a mobile application with avatar presence for diabetic children and subsequently used by 11 children in an exploratory field study over the course of approximately two weeks at home. The number of disclosures that children made to the avatar during the study indicated the relatedness they felt towards the agent at the end of the study. While all children showed a decline in their usage over time, more related children used the application more, and more consistently than less related children. Avatar disclosures of lower intimacy were reciprocated more than avatar disclosures of higher intimacy. Girls reciprocated disclosures more frequently. No relationship was found between the intimacy level of agent disclosures and child disclosures. Particularly the last finding contradicts prior child-peer interaction research and should therefore be further examined in confirmatory research.
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Notes
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It is important to note that positive and negative here are not synonymous with rewarding or punishing the child. An example for a positive discloser can be found in the example dialog. An example for a negative closer is “That’s alright. Maybe next time! In any case, thanks for listening.”.
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Cumulative link models are an extension of logistic regression to more than two categories. Thus, where logistic regression determines \(logit(P(Y_i = j))\) with \(J=2\), the cumulative link model determines \(logit(P(Y_i \le j))\) with j falling in one of J categories. The model thus accumulates the probabilities of a response being smaller than or equal to a certain category.
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Burger, F., Broekens, J., Neerincx, M.A. (2017). Fostering Relatedness Between Children and Virtual Agents Through Reciprocal Self-disclosure. In: Bosse, T., Bredeweg, B. (eds) BNAIC 2016: Artificial Intelligence. BNAIC 2016. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 765. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67468-1_10
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