Introduction

Jacob, Frank

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67453-7_1

Introduction

Frank Jacob²

Chapter
First Online: 08 November 2017

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Abstract

The introduction provides a survey of George Kennan’s (1845–1924) vita and works until the outbreak of the Spanish–American War (1898). It furthermore provides a discussion of the context of the war within Cuban and American histories. The developments on Cuba as well as the U.S. discussion about a military intervention on the island are analyzed and different perspectives on the issue critically explained. Furthermore, a short description and analysis of the main contents of Kennan’s lecture “Cuba and the Cubansˮ are given.

A shorter and different version of this introduction was published in Gilmar Visoni-Alonzo and Frank Jacob, ed. Latin America’s Martial Age: Conflict and Warfare in the Long Nineteenth Century (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2017). I thank my co-editor and the publisher for the permission to republish a variation of the chapter in the present book. I would also like to thank the anonymous peer reviewer for his comments that helped me to further improve the present chapter, and my colleague Gilmar Visoni-Alonzo for his critical reading of the final draft.

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Notes

1.
On the Spanish–American War see: Donald H. Dyal, Brian B. Carpenter, and Mark A. Thomas, ed. Historical Disctionary of the Spanish– American War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996); Frank Freidel, The Splendid Little War (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1958); G. J. A. O’Toole, The Spanish War: An American Epic, 1898 (New York : Norton, 1984).
2.
Thomas Neuner, “Santo Domingo/Saint-Domingue/Cuba: Five Hundred Years of Slavery and Transculturation in the Americas,” Social History 31, 1 (2006), 79–83. For a discussion of the “long” nineteenth century in Latin America see Frank Jacob and Gilmar Visoni-Alonzo, “Introduction: Conflict and Warfare in Latin America’s Martial Century”, in Latin America’s Martial Age: Conflict and Warfare in the Long Nineteenth Century, ed. Gilmar Visoni-Alonzo and Frank Jacob (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2017), 5–14.
3.
Michael Zeuske , “Hidden Markers, Open Secrets: On Naming, Race-Marking, and Race-Making in Cuba”, New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 76, 3/4 (2002), 212.
4.
Ibid.
5.
Matthias Röhrig Assunção and Michael Zeuske , “Race, Ethnicity and Social Structure in 19th Century Brazil and Cuba”, Ibero-amerikanisches Archiv, Neue Folge 24, 3/4 (1998), 442.
6.
Ana María Calavera Vayá, “Del 68 al 98: Oligarquía habanera y conciencia independentista”, in La nación soñada: Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas ante el 98, Actas del Congreso Internacional celebrado en Aranjuez del 24 al 28 abril de 1995, eds. Consuelo Naranjo Orovio, Miguel Angel Puig Samper, Luis Miguel García Mora (Madrid: Doce Calles, 1996), 109.
7.
Ibid., 110.
8.
Ibid., 111–114.
9.
Esteban Morales Domínguez , Race in Cuba: Essays on the Revolution and Racial Inequality, ed. and transl. under the direction of Gary Prevost and August Nimtz (New York : Monthly Review Press, 2012), 19.
10.
Ibid., 21.
11.
For a detailed discussion about the interrelationship of tobacco and slavery on Cuba see Michael Zeuske , “Sklaven und Tabak in der atlantischen Weltgeschichte”, Historische Zeitschrift 303 (2016), 315–348.
12.
Ada Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868–1898 (Chapel Hill/London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 2; Morales Domínguez, Race, 91.
13.
Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba, 2.
14.
A survey of the revolutions in Latin America between 1760 and 1830 is provided in Stefan Rinke, Revolutionen in Lateinamerika: Wege in die Unabhängigkeit 1760–1830 (Munich: C.H. Beck, 2010).
15.
Michael Zeuske and Clarence J. Munford, “Die ‘Große Furcht’ in der Karibik: Frankreich, Saint-Domingue und Kuba 1789–1795”, Ibero-amerikanisches Archiv, Neue Folge, 17, 1 (1991), 52. For a discussion of the global impact the French Revolution had on the Caribbean and in how far, it could be taught from a specific global perspective, see Frank Jacob, “Teaching the French Revolution from a Global Perspective”, CUNY Academic Works, April 29, 2017, http://academicworks.cuny.edu/qb_pubs/37 (Last access, July 5, 2017).
16.
Zeuske and Clarence J. Munford, “Die ‘Große Furcht’,” 66.
17.
Ibid., 68.
18.
Rebecca J. Scott and Michael Zeuske , “Property in Writing, Property on the Ground: Pigs, Horses, Land, and Citizenship in the Aftermath of Slavery, Cuba, 1880–1909ˮ, Comparative Studies in Society and History 44, 4 (2002), 670.
19.
Rebecca J. Scott and Michael Zeuske , “Le ‘droit d'avoir des droits’: Les revendications des ex-esclaves à Cuba (1872–1909),” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 59, 3 (2004), 521.
20.
Röhrig Assunção and Zeuske, “Race”, 376.
21.
Scott and Zeuske, “Property in Writing”, 670.
22.
Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba, 3.
23.
For a survey of the events see Francisco Ibarra Martínez, Cronología de la guerra de los diez años (Santiago de Cuba: Instituto cubano del libro, 1976).
24.
Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba, 3.
25.
Ibid., 5.
26.
Aline Helg, Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886–1912 (Chapel Hill/London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 2. Helg specifically focuses on the so called Little Race War in 1912 (originally Levantamiento Armado de los Independientes de Color, Armed Uprising of the Independents of Color). On the events see: Silvio Castro Fernández, La masacre de los Independientes de Color en 1912 (Havana : Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 2008).
27.
Louis A. Pérez, Jr. Cuba Between Empires 1878–1902 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983), xv.
28.
Ibid.
29.
Ada Ferrer and M. Ferrandis Garrayo, “Esclavitud, ciudadanía y los límites de la nacionalidad cubana: la guerra de los diez años, 1868–1878”, Historia Social 22 (1995), 102.
30.
Francisco Pérez Guzmán, La guerra chiquita : una experiencia necesaria (Havana : Letras Cubanas, 1982). For related sources see: Archivo Nacional de Cuba, Chiquita Documentos para servir a la historia de la Guerra Chiquita , 3 vols. (Havana : Publicaciones del Archivo nacional de Cuba, 1949–1950).
31.
Hernán Venegas Delgado, “Plantación, plantaciones: Cuba en los 1880”, Caravelle 85 (2005), Grandes plantations d'Amérique latine: Entre rêve et commerce, 67–74.
32.
Louis A. Pérez, Jr . Cuba Between Empires, xv.
33.
Ibid.
34.
Antonio Rafael de la Cova, “Cuban Exiles in Key West during the Ten Years’ War, 1868–1878”, The Florida Historical Quarterly 89, 3 (2011), 289. In 1888, the Cuban exile Juan Bellido de Luna (1830–1902) reports, that of 25,000 inhabitants, 20,000 were of Cuban decent.
35.
María del Socorro Herrera Barreda, “Hacia 1898: conspiraciones separatistas cubanas en México”, Historia Mexicana 47, 4 (1998), 808. Already in 1825, Cuban militant separatists had formed the Junta Promotora de la Libertad Cubana in Mexico .
36.
Academia de la Historia de Cuba, ed. Diario del Teniente Coronel Eduardo Rosell y Malpica (1895–1897), vol. 1, En Camino (Havanna: El Siglo XX, 1949), 26–36 describes the Cuban activities in the United States in early 1895. One of the exiles involved in the planning for another Cuban rebellion against Spain was Pedro Betancourt Dávalos (1858–1933). For his biography, see: Juan M. Dihigo, El mayor general Pedro E. Betancourt y Dávalos en la lucha por la independencia de Cuba (Havana : El Siglo XX, 1934).
37.
Lars Schoultz, That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: The United States and the Cuban Revolution (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 14.
38.
Louis A. Pérez, Jr . Cuba Between Empires, xviii.
39.
Ibid., xix.
40.
Ibid.
41.
Zeuske, “Hidden Markers,” 214.
42.
Louis A. Pérez, Jr . Cuba Between Empires, 221–227.
43.
Zeuske, “Hidden Markers”, 234.
44.
Holger H. Herwig, “Review of Sylvia L. Hilton and Steve J. S. Ickringill, ed., European Perceptions of the Spanish–American War of 1898. New York : Peter Lang, 1999”, The Journal of Military History 64, 3 (2000), 858.
45.
James Castonguay, “Hypertext Scholarship and Media Studies”, American Quarterly 51, 2 (1999), 247–249.
46.
“Editorial”, The New York World , December 22, 1895.
47.
Gerald F. Linderman, The Mirror of War. American Society and the Spanish– American War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1974), 122.
48.
Ibid., 129.
49.
Oscar E. Carlstrom , “The Spanish–American War ”, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 16, 1/2 (1923), 104.
50.
Ibid., 105.
51.
Ibid.
52.
Ibid.
53.
The few available works on Kennan predominantly deal with his impact on U.S.–Russian relations. See Frederick F. Travis, George Kennan and the American–Russian Relationship, 1865–1924 (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1990); Helen Sharon Hundley, “George Kennan and the Russian Empire: How America’s Conscience became an Enemy of Tsarism”, Occassional Paper no. 277 (Washington , D.C.: Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, 2000). Of his many writings only a small part has been edited before, i.e. George Kennan, Vagabond Life: The Caucasus Journals of George Kennan, ed. and commented by Frith Maier and Daniel Clarke Waugh (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003).
54.
For a discussion of the role of war correspondents since the late nineteenth century see Barbara Korte, Represented Reporters: Images of War Correspondents in Memoirs and Fiction (Bielefeld: Transcript, 2009), 7–94.
55.
The following description of Kennan’s life is based on “Chronologies”, a timeline of Kennan’s life, 1930. Copy made in Medina N.Y. July 1930 for George Frost Kennan, Milwaukee, Wis. George Kennan Papers (henceforth GKP), New York Public Library, Box 7, Series V: Kennan family papers, Folder 7.4, V.B. Emeline Weld Kennan, 1896–1933, n.d.
56.
“Two Christmases”, n.d. GKP, Box V, Series III: Writings, speeches, publications and notes, 1866–1922, 1963, n.d., Folder 5.1, 6–7.
57.
Ibid., 10–11.
58.
Ibid., 17.
59.
Ibid., 18–19.
60.
George Kennan to Doctor Morill, Ghijiga, July 4–16, 1866, GKP, Box 1, Series I: Correspondence, 1866–1924, Folder 1.1.
61.
George Kennan to his mother, Ghijiga, Dec. 14–26, 1866, GKP, Box 1, Series I: Correspondence, 1866–1924, Folder 1.1.
62.
George Kennan, Tent Life in Siberia (New York : Putnam , 1870).
63.
The Caucasus journals have been edited and are available in Kennan, Vagabond Life.
64.
“Chronologies”, a timeline of Kennan’s life, 1930, 7.
65.
George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, 2 vols. (New York : Century, 1891). This work still seems to be of interest and is probably Kennan’s best known work. It has recently been republished by Cambridge University Press in 2012.
66.
Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish– American War and the Dawn of the American Century (New York : Henry Holt, 1998), 29.
67.
Willard B. Gatewood Jr., “Indiana Negroes and the Spanish–American War ,” Indiana Magazine of History 69, 2 (1973), 115.
68.
Linderman, The Mirror, 133–136. On Weyler and his reconcentration policy on Cuba see Emilio de Diego, Weyler: De la leyenda a la historia (Madrid: Fundación Cánovas del Castillo, 1998); Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, Weyler en Cuba: Un precursor de la barbaie fascista (Havana : Páginas, 1947); Antoni Marimon Riutort, El General Weyler: Governador de l’illa de Cuba (Ciutat de Mallorca: Comissió de les Illes Balears per a la Commemoració del Vè Centenari del Descobriment d'Amèrica, DL 1992); María Julia Martínez Alemán and Lourdes Sánchez González, Weyler y la reconcentración en la jurisdicción de remedios (Santa Clara , Cuba: Ediciones Capiro, 2000); Andreas Stucki, Aufstand und Zwangsumsiedlung: Die kubanischen Unabhängigkeitskriege 1868–1898 (Hamburg: HIS, 2012); John Lawrence Tone, War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006).
69.
Julius W. Pratt, “American Business and the Spanish–American War ”, The Hispanic American Historical Review 14, 2 (1934), 163. See also James Ford Rhodes, The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations (New York , 1922), 55.
70.
Harold Underwood Faulkner, American Economic History (New York : Harper, 1924), 624–625.
71.
One example for this discussion can be found in “Cuba and the United States: The Policy of Annexation Discussed”, DeBow’s Review and Industrial Resources 14 (1853), 63.
72.
Nancy Lenore O’Connor, “The Spanish–American War : A Re-Evaluation of Its Causes”, Science & Society 22, 2 (1958), 135.
73.
Pratt, “American Business”, 164.
74.
Ibid., 165.
75.
John A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (New York : James Pott and Co., 1902), I.VI.1, http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Hobson/hbsnImp7.html#Part%20I,%20Chapter%20VI,%20The%20Economic%20Taproot%20of%20Imperialism (Last access, September 15, 2016).
76.
Howard H. Quint , “American Socialists and the Spanish–American War ”, American Quarterly 10, 2 (1958), 132.
77.
The People, January 17, 1897, http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/cuba_1897.pdf (Last access, July 8, 2017).
78.
Quint, “Socialists”, 134.
79.
George W. Auxier , “Middle Western Newspapers and the Spanish–American War , 1895–1898”, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 26, 4 (1940), 523.
80.
For an evaluation of the press in the state of New York see Joseph E. Wisan, The Cuban Crisis as Reflected in the New York Press, 1895–1898 (New York : Columbia University Press, 1934).
81.
Indianapolis Journal, April 12, 1895; Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 17, 1896; Sioux City Journal, March 17, 1895; Detroit Free Press, August 5, 1895; Chicago Daily Inter-Ocean, March 9, 1896.
82.
Lindermann, Mirror, 7.
83.
Ibid., 10.
84.
French Ensor Chadwick ed., The Relations of the United States and Spain : The Spanish– American War , vol. 1 (New York : Russel & Russel, 1968 [1911]), 28. For statistics of the military strenghts, see ibid., 18–54.
85.
Ibid., 6.
86.
Lawrence I. Berkove, Skepticism and Dissent. Selected Journalism, 1898–1901 by Ambrose Bierce , Nineteenth-Century Studies (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ²1986), 1–2. The letter was originally published in The Examiner, San Francisco, April 3, 1898.
87.
Quoted in Lindermann, Mirror, 45.
88.
Ibid., 58.
89.
George Kennan, Campaigning in Cuba (New York : Century, 1899), 35.
90.
Ibid.
91.
Ibid., 36.
92.
Ibid., 37.
93.
Ibid., 43.
94.
Clara Barton had founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and headed its mission to Cuba. On Barton and her role see Eve Marko, Clara Barton and the American Red Cross (New York : Playmore, 1996).
95.
Kennan, Campaigning, 1.
96.
“Financial Matters,” GKP, Box 7, Series V: Kennan family papers, Folder 7.1, V.A. Jeanette Hotchkiss, 1874–1987, n.d.
97.
Manager Advertising Department of The Outlook Co. to William W. Ellsworth , The Century Company , New York , May 18, 1898, GKP, Box 1, Series I: Correspondence, 1866–1924, Folder 1.4. Harold J. Howling was the editor of The Outlook .
98.
“George Kennan and The Outlook ,” The Outlook 59, 2 (14 May, 1898), backside of the front matter.
99.
Ibid., 111.
100.
Ibid.
101.
Chas. F. Chichester, The Century Co Publishers, to George Kennan, New York , May 19, 1898, GKP, Box 1, Series I: Correspondence, 1866–1924, Folder 1.4.
102.
Ibid.
103.
William B. Howland, The Outlook Co. to George Kennan, New York , May 19, 1898, GKP, Box 1, Series I: Correspondence, 1866–1924, Folder 1.4.
104.
Lyman Abbott , Editor in Chief, The Outlook , to George Kennan, New York , July 19, 1898, GKP, Box 1, Series I: Correspondence, 1866–1924, Folder 1.4. Kennan’s “Hospital Experience” will be later described in detail in this chapter. Another letter that evaluates this report is William B. Howland, The Outlook Co. to George Kennan, New York , July 27, 1898, ibid.
105.
Next to Kennan’s writings letters and reports by soldiers who had served in Cuba were also published in the early 1900s, e.g. Two Rough Riders : Letters from F. Allen McCurdy and J. Kirk McCurdy of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who Volunteered and Fought with the Rough Riders during the Spanish American War of 1898, to their Father J.M. McCurdy (New York /London: F. Tennyson Neeely, 1902); Trumbull White, Pictorial History of Our War with Spain for Cuba’s Freedom (Freedom Pub., 1898). See also the later exemplatory regional work by Alice E. Bennett, Record of the Soldiers of the Civil War, Spanish– American War and the World War from the Town of Manchester, Vermont (Rutland, VT: Tuttle, 1925). Another journal of interest with regard to the conflict, but from a military perspective, is Carolyn A. Tyson, ed. The Journal of Frank Keeler (Quantivo, VA: Marine Corps Museum, 1967).
106.
Kennan, Campaigning, 23.
107.
Ibid., 26.
108.
Ibid., 30.
109.
Ibid., 80.
110.
Ibid., 65. Kennan provides very detailed descriptions of Cuba and thereby images of the geographical spatiality of the war, many readers must have been unfamiliar with. To quote one example: “Wild, beautiful, and picturesque, however, as the coast appears to be, not a sign does it anywhere show of a by, an inlet, or a safe sheltered harbor. For miles together the surf breaks almost directly against the base of the terraced rampart which forms the coast-line, and even where streams have cut deep V-shaped notches in the rocky wall, the strips of beach formed at their mouths are wholly unsheltered and afford safe places of landing only when the sea is smooth and the wind at rest. Often, for days at a time, they are lashed by a heavy and dangerous surf, which makes landing upon them in small boats extremely difficult, if not absolutely impracticable.” Ibid., 66.
111.
Ibid., 80–82.
112.
Ibid., 92. This description is an identical match for the one in “Cuba and the Cubans”, GKP, Box 3, Series III. Writings, speeches, publications and notes, 1866–1922, 1963, n.d., Folder 3.13, 4 (henceforth CaC).
113.
Kennan, Campaigning, 92.
114.
Ibid., 130–149 describes such a field hospital.
115.
Ibid., 131.
116.
Ibid., 132–133.
117.
Ibid., 134.
118.
Ibid., 136–138. The same description is part of the lecture, why it was quoted here in detail.
119.
Lindermann, Mirror, 108.
120.
Ibid., 109–110.
121.
Lecture tour schedule and writing notebook, 1889–1900, n.d., GKP, Box 5, Series IV: Personal miscellany and photographs, 1863–1924, n.d. 5.10. In his notebook Kennan listed all his lectures according to the city, he gave it in. Sometimes, titles are provided for the lectures, and in many cases, Cuba is mentioned. It can be assumed, that Kennan in general might have discussed the Cuban experience with his hosts and thereby also spread his opinion throughout the United States.
122.
Kennan lectured numerous times about Cuba in several U.S. states. A ticket for a lecture by Kennan due to a Y.M.C.A. lecture course of six events in Illinois cost one Dollar. The Argus (Rock Island, IL), January 12, 1899, 2. On April 7, 1900 Kennan delivered his Cuban lecture at the First Congregational Church in Omaha, Nebraska. Tickets cost 50 Cents. Omaha Daily Bee, April 1, 1900, 15.
123.
CaC, 4.
124.
Ibid., 5. In contrast to the passage in the book that was quoted above, Kennan talks of a specific amount of men (60) in the lecture.
125.
Ibid., 6.
126.
Ibid., 7.
127.
Ibid., 11.
128.
Ibid., 16–20.
129.
Ibid., 22–23.
130.
Ibid., 26–27.
131.
Ibid., 31.
132.
Ibid., 33–34.
133.
Ibid., 35.
134.
Ibid., 42–43.
135.
Ibid., 44.
136.
Ibid., 52–53.
137.
Ibid., 56–57.
138.
The famous poem was initially published in McClure’s Magazine 12, 4 (February 1899), 290–291 and reads as follows: (1) Take up the White Man’s burden, Send forth the best ye breed / Go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives’ need; / To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— / Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. / Take up the White Man’s burden, In patience to abide, / To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; / By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain / To seek another’s profit, And work another's gain. (2) Take up the White Man’s burden, The savage wars of peace— / Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; / And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, / Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought. (3) Take up the White Man’s burden, No tawdry rule of kings, / But toil of serf and sweeper, The tale of common things. / The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, / Go make them with your living, And mark them with your dead. (4) Take up the White Man’s burden And reap his old reward: / The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard— / The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:— / “Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?” (5) Take up the White Man’s burden, Ye dare not stoop to less— / Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness; / By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do, / The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you. (6) Take up the White Man’s burden, Have done with childish days—/ The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. / Comes now, to search your manhood, through all the thankless years / Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers!
139.
CaC, 58.
140.
Ibid., 58–59.
141.
Ibid., 59.
142.
Ibid., 60–61.
143.
Ibid., 62.
144.
Ibid., 72.
145.
Ibid., 73.
146.
Ibid. Kennan also describes the dance in detail: “Whatever my be the capabilities of the Cubans in other directions, they certainly can not dance. I have seen greater freedom and grace of movement, better observance of time, and far more dash, spirit and abandon at a negro-cake-walk in Tennessee than in all the Cuban balls and dances that I ever attended. … the Baracoa congregation was dancing what seemed to be an ordinary waltz; but their movements were stiff, awkward and constrained, and they showed no exhilaration or enjoyment than they would have shown had they been performing some tiresome religious rite on the floor of a chilly cathedral. … If I were asked to describe the Cuban danzon in a single sentence, I should say that it is a tropical combination of a two-step waltz with an ecstatic wiggle-waggle, and is danced in a jerky unrhythmical way within the limits of an 8 foot circle. …from the point of view of a spectator, it has neither grace nor dignity, and it was interesting to me only because it showed both in movement and in music, the influence that the negro, in Cuba, has had over the Spaniard.” Ibid., 74–75.
147.
Ibid., 91.
148.
Ibid., 91–92.
149.
Ibid., 95.
150.
Luis H. Francia, A History of the Philippines : From Indios Bravos to Filipinos (New York : Overlook Press, 2010), Chap. 4.
151.
CaC, 96.
152.
Ibid., 98.
153.
Ibid., 106.
154.
Ibid., 109–110.
155.
Ibid., 111.
156.
Ibid.
157.
Ibid., 121–122.
158.
Ibid., 136.
159.
Ibid., 137.
160.
Ibid., 139.
161.
Musicant, Empire, 655.
162.
Julius W. Pratt, Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Chicago : Quadrangle Books, 1964 [1936]), 360.

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Jacob, F. (2018). Introduction. In: Jacob, F. (eds) George Kennan on the Spanish-American War. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67453-7_1

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67453-7_1
Published: 08 November 2017
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