Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents

IVA 2017: Intelligent Virtual Agents pp 87–100Cite as

Effects of Social Priming on Social Presence with Intelligent Virtual Agents

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 10498))

Abstract

This paper explores whether witnessing an Intelligent Virtual Agent (IVA) in what appears to be a socially engaging discussion with a Confederate Virtual Agent (CVA) prior to a direct interaction, can prime a person to feel and behave more socially engaged with the IVA in a subsequent interaction. To explore this social priming phenomenon, we conducted an experiment in which participants in a control group had no priming while those in an experimental group were briefly exposed to an engaging social interaction between an IVA and a nearby CVA (i.e. a virtual actor). The participants primed by exposure to the brief CVA-IVA interaction reported being significantly more excited and alert, perceiving the IVA as more responsive, and showed significantly higher measures of Co-Presence, Attentional Allocation, and Message Understanding dimensions of social presence for the IVA, compared to those who were not primed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bailenson, J.N., Beall, A.C., Blascovich, J.: Gaze and task performance in shared virtual environments. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 13(5), 313–320 (2002). http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/vis.297

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Bailenson, J.N., Beall, A.C., Loomis, J., Blascovich, J., Turk, M.: Transformed Social Interaction, Augmented Gaze, and Social Influence in Immersive Virtual Environments. Human Communication Research 31(4), 511–537 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bargh, J.A., Chen, M., Burrows, L.: Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(2), 230–244 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Blaikie, N.: Analyzing quantitative data: From description to explanation. Sage (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Blascovich, J.: Social influence within immersive virtual environments. In: Schroeder, R. (ed.) The Social Life of Avatars. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 127–145. Springer, London (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Blascovich, J., Loomis, J., Beall, A.C., Swinth, K.R., Hoyt, C.L., Bailenson, J.N.: Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychological Inquiry 13(2), 103–124 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bulu, S.T.: Place presence, social presence, co-presence, and satisfaction in virtual worlds. Computers & Education 58(1), 154–161 (2012). http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360131511002028

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cahrtrand, T.L., Bargh, J.A.: The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76(6), 893–910 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  9. De Leo, G., Diggs, L., Radici, E., Mastaglio, T.: Measuring sense of presence and user characteristics to predict effective training in an online simulated virtual environment. Simulation in Healthcare: Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 9(1), 1–6 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dijksterhuis, A., Bargh, J.A.: The perception-behavior expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 33, 1–40 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Garau, M., Slater, M., Pertaub, D.P., Razzaque, S.: The Responses of People to Virtual Humans in an Immersive Virtual Environment. Presence Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14(1), 104–116 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Goffman, E.: Behavior in public places: notes on the social organization of gatherings. The Free Press (a Division of Simon and Schuster, Inc.), New York, NY USA (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Harms, C., Biocca, F.: Internal consistency and reliability of the networked minds measure of social presence. In: Annual International Presence Workshop, pp. 246–251 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Herbst, K.C., Gaertner, L., Insko, C.A.: My head says yes but my heart says no: cognitive and affective attraction as a function of similarity to the ideal self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84(6), 1206–1219 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Huang, L., Morency, L.-P., Gratch, J.: Virtual rapport 2.0. In: Vilhjálmsson, H.H., Kopp, S., Marsella, S., Thórisson, K.R. (eds.) IVA 2011. LNCS, vol. 6895, pp. 68–79. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23974-8_8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. Knapp, T.R.: Treating ordinal scales as interval scales: an attempt to resolve the controversy. Nursing Research 39(2), 121–123 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kuzon Jr., W.M., Urbanchek, M.G., McCabe, S.: The seven deadly sins of statistical analysis. Annals of Plastic Surgery 37(3), 265–272 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Liew, T.W., Su-Mae, T.: The effects of positive and negative mood on cognition and motivation in multimedia learning environment. Journal of Educational Technology & Society 19(2), 104 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Likert, R.: A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch. Psychol 22, 5–55 (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lok, B., Chuah, J.H., Robb, A., Cordar, A., Lampotang, S., Wendling, A., White, C.: Mixed-reality humans for team training. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 3, 72–75 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lombard, M., Ditton, T.: At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3(2). http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x

    Google Scholar 

  22. Nunez, D., Blake, E.: Conceptual priming as a determinant of presence in virtual environments. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality, Visualisation and Interaction in Africa, pp. 101–108. ACM (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Pan, X., Gillies, M., Slater, M.: Male bodily responses during an interaction with a virtual woman. In: Prendinger, H., Lester, J., Ishizuka, M. (eds.) IVA 2008. LNCS, vol. 5208, pp. 89–96. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85483-8_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  24. Pan, X., Gillies, M., Slater, M.: Virtual character personality influences participant attitudes and behavior-an interview with a virtual human character about her social anxiety. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 2, 1 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Pan, Y., Steed, A.: A comparison of avatar, video, and robot-mediated interaction on users’ trust in expertise. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 3, 12 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Peck, T.C., Seinfeld, S., Aglioti, S.M., Slater, M.: Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias. Consciousness and Cognition 22(3), 779–787 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Peña, J., Hancock, J.T., Merola, N.A.: The priming effects of avatars in virtual settings. Communication Research 36(6), 838–856 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Qu, C.: Talking with a Virtual Human: Controlling the Human Experience and Behavior in a Virtual Conversation. TU Delft, Delft University of Technology (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Qu, C., Brinkman, W.P., Wiggers, P., Heynderickx, I.: The effect of priming pictures and videos on a question-answer dialog scenario in a virtual environment. Presence 22(2), 91–109 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Raij, A.B., Johnsen, K., Dickerson, R.F., Lok, B.C., Cohen, M.S., Duerson, M., Pauly, R.R., Stevens, A.O., Wagner, P., Lind, D.S.: Comparing interpersonal interactions with a virtual human to those with a real human. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 13(3), 443–457 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Srull, T.K., Wyer, R.S.: The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons some determinants and implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(10), 1660 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sy, T., Côté, S., Saavedra, R.: The contagious leader: Impact of the leader’s mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied Psychology 90(2), 295–305 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Watson, D., Clark, L.A., Tellegen, A., Watson, D., Clark, L.A., Tellegen, A.: Positive and negative affect schedule. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54(6), 1063–1070 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Wilhelm, F.H., Roth, W.T.: Ambulatory assessment of clinical anxiety. In: Ambulatory Assessment: Computer-assisted Psychological and Psychophysiological Methods in Monitoring and Field Studies, pp. 317–345 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Willard, G., Isaac, K.J., Carney, D.R.: Some evidence for the nonverbal contagion of racial bias. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 128, 96–107 (2015). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749597815000291

    Google Scholar 

  36. Witmer, B.G., Singer, M.J.: Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 7(3), 225–240 (1998). http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/105474698565686

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA

    Salam Daher, Kangsoo Kim, Myungho Lee, Gerd Bruder & Greg Welch

  2. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA

    Ryan Schubert

  3. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Jeremy Bailenson

Authors
  1. Salam Daher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kangsoo Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Myungho Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ryan Schubert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Gerd Bruder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jeremy Bailenson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Greg Welch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salam Daher .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Jonas Beskow

  2. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Christopher Peters

  3. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Ginevra Castellano

  4. Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

    Carol O'Sullivan

  5. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Iolanda Leite

  6. University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

    Stefan Kopp

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Cite this paper

Daher, S. et al. (2017). Effects of Social Priming on Social Presence with Intelligent Virtual Agents. In: Beskow, J., Peters, C., Castellano, G., O'Sullivan, C., Leite, I., Kopp, S. (eds) Intelligent Virtual Agents. IVA 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10498. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67401-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67401-8_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67400-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67401-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation