Abstract
Half a century of unprecedented wealth and prosperity has, somewhat paradoxically, resulted in growing numbers of Australians living with chronic illness, overweight and obesity. The foregrounding of individual responsibility within the nation’s healthcare ideology has resulted in those whose bodies do not conform to the healthy, slender ideal being blamed and subject to stigma. In this chapter, I explore neoliberal constructions of the body through Paleo dieters’ lived experience of illness and obesity. I argue that the popularity of the Paleo diet is the result of both the internalisation of and resistance to neoliberal values. This is insofar as Paleo is an individualist response to perceptions of a failing food system that prioritises market freedom over human health.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ABS. 2015a. Deaths, Australia, 2014. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
ABS. 2015b. National Health Survey: First Results, 2014–2015. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
ABS. 2016. Australian Health Survey: Consumption of Food Groups from the Australian Dietary Guidelines, Australia 2011–2012. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
AIHW. 2015. 1 in 5 Australians Affected by Multiple Chronic Diseases. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/media-release-detail/?id=60129552034. Accessed 31 Jan 2017.
AIHW. 2016. Australia’s Health 2016. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129555788. Accessed 28 Nov 2017.
AIHW. 2017. Life Expectancy. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/deaths/life-expectancy/#indigenous. Accessed 19 Apr 2017.
Alexander, S. 2016. Policies for a Post-Growth Economy, MSSI Issues Paper No. 6, Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute. The University of Melbourne. Available at: http://sustainable.unimelb.edu.au/publications. Accessed 22 Apr 2017.
Aus Gov. 2017a. Health Star Rating System. Available at: http://healthstarrating.gov.au. Accessed 16 Feb 2017.
Aus Gov. 2017b. Lifetime Health Cover. Private Health. Available at: http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/lifetimehealthcover.htm. Accessed 2 Feb 2017.
Beck, U. 1994. The Reinvention of Politics: Towards a Theory of Reflexive Modernization. In Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order, ed. U. Beck, A. Giddens, and S. Lash, 1–55. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Beer, A., R. Bentley, E. Baker, A. LaMontagne, K. Mason, and A. Kavanagh. 2016. Neoliberalism, Economic Restructuring and Policy Change: Precarious Housing and Precarious Employment in Australia. Urban Studies 53 (8): 1542–1558.
Bell, K., and J. Green. 2016. On the Perils of Invoking Neoliberalism in Public Health Critique. Critical Public Health 26 (3): 239–243.
Boero, N. 2014. Obesity in the US Media, 1990–2011: Broad Strokes, Broad Consequences. In Obesity, Eating Disorders and the Media, ed. K. Eli and S. Ulijaszek, 37–48. Farnham: Ashgate.
Bordo, S. 1989. The Body and the Reproduction of Femininity: A Feminist Appropriation of Foucault. In Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing, ed. A. Jagger and S. Bordo, 13–33. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Cairns, G., K. Angus, G. Hastings, and M. Caraher. 2013. Systematic Reviews of the Evidence on the Nature, Extent and Effects of Food Marketing to Children: A Retrospective Summary. Appetite 62: 209–215.
Carey, R., N. Donaghue, and P. Broderick. 2013. Peer Culture and Body Image Concern among Australian Adolescent Girls: A Hierarchical Linear Modelling Analysis. Sex Roles 69 (5–6): 250–263.
Cassell, E. 2004. The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cave, L., J. Fildes, G. Luckett, and A. Wearring. 2015. Mission Australia’s 2015 Youth Survey Report. Sydney: Mission Australia.
Chester, L. 2010. Actually Existing Markets: The Case of Neoliberal Australia. Journal of Economic Issues, XLIV (2): 312–323.
Clapp, R., G. Howe, and M. Jacobs. 2006. Environmental and Occupational Causes of Cancer Re-visited. Journal of Public Health Policy 27 (1): 61–76.
Cobiac, L., K. Tam, L. Veerman, and T, Blakely. 2017. Taxes and Subsidies for Improving Diet and Population Health in Australia: A Cost-Effectiveness Modelling Study. PLoS Medicine 14 (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002232.
de Solier, I. 2013. Food and the Self: Consumption, Production and Material Culture. London: Bloomsbury.
Donghi, P., and J. Wennerholm. 2014. The Aesthetics of Food and the Body. In Obesity, Eating Disorders and the Media, ed. K. Eli and S. Ulijaszek, 49–58. Farnham: Ashgate.
DPMC. 2014. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework 2014 Report. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Available at: https://www.dpmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/indigenous/Health-Performance-Framework-2014/tier-2-determinants-health/222-overweight-and-obesity.html. Accessed 20 Apr 2017.
Egger, G., D. Colquhoun, and J. Dixon. 2015. ‘Anthropogens’ in Lifestyle Medicine. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 9 (3): 232–240.
Eyre, H., and J. de Jong. 2011. Nutritional Medicine in Australian Medical Schools. Australasian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine Journal 30 (1): 14–15.
Finerman, R., and L. Bennett. 1995. Overview: Guilt, Blame and Shame in Sickness. Social Science and Medicine 40 (1): 1–3.
Flegal, K., B. Graubard, D. Williamson, and M. Gail. 2007. Cause-Specific Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity. JAMA 298 (17): 2028–2037.
Freudenberg, N. 2014. Lethal but Legal: Corporations, Consumption, and Protecting Public Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Garro, L. 1994. Narrative Representations of Chronic Illness Experience: Cultural Models of Illness, Mind, and Body in Stories Concerning the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ). Social Science and Medicine 38 (6): 775–788.
Ghosh, A., K. Charlton, and M. Batterham. 2016. Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Its Implications for Population Health Planning of Obesity and Overweight, Using Cross-Sectional Data from General Practices from a Regional Catchment in Australia. British Medical Journal Open 6 (e010405): 1–6.
Gibson, A., A. Broom, E. Kirby, D. Wyld, and Z. Lwin. 2016. The Social Reception of Women with Cancer. Qualitative Health Research, 1–11. doi:10.1177/1049732316637591.
Greenhalgh, S. 2016. Disordered Eating/Eating Disorder: Hidden Perils of the Nation’s Fight against Fat. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 30 (4): 545–562.
Guthman, J. 2011. Weighing In: Obesity, Food Justice, and the Limits of Capitalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Guthman, J. 2015. Binging and Purging: Agrofood Capitalism and the Body as Socioecological Fix. Environment and Planning A 47 (12): 2522–2536.
Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
IHME (2010). GBD Report: Australia. Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010. Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.
Jain, L. 2013. Malignant: How Cancer Becomes Us. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Johansson, T., and J. Andreasson. 2016. The Gym and the Beach: Globalization, Situated Bodies, and Australian Fitness. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 45 (2): 143–167.
Kearns, C., L. Schmidt, and S. Glantz. 2016. Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents. JAMA Internal Medicine 176 (11): 1680–1685.
Kleinman, A. 1988. The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing and the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books.
Langston, N. 2010. Toxic Bodies: Hormone Disruptors and the Legacy of DES. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lawrence, G., C. Richards, and K. Lyons. 2013. Food Security in Australia in an Era of Neoliberalism, Productivism and Climate Change. Journal of Rural Studies 29 (1): 30–39.
Lesser, L., C. Ebbeling, M. Goozner, D. Wypij, and D. Ludwig. 2007. Relationship Between Funding Source and Conclusion Among Nutrition-Related Scientific Articles. PLoS Medicine 4 (1): 41–46.
Maher, J., S. Fraser, and J. Lindsay. 2010. Between Provisioning and Consuming? Children, Mothers and ‘Childhood Obesity’. Health Sociology Review 19 (3): 304–316.
Manderson, L., and C. Warren. 2016. “Just One Thing After Another”: Recursive Cascades and Chronic Conditions. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 30 (4): 479–497.
Markey, D. 1987. On the Edge of Empire: Foodways in Western Australia, 1929–1979. Unpublished PhD thesis.
Martin, E. 1994. Flexible Bodies: Tracking Immunity in American Culture: From the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS. Boston: Beacon Press.
Mayes, C., I. Kerridge, R. Habibi, and K. Lipworth. 2016. Conflicts of Interest in Neoliberal Times: Perspectives of Australian Medical Students. Health Sociology Review 25 (3): 256–271.
Mintz, S. 2002. Food and Eating: Some Persisting Questions. In Food Nations: Selling Taste in Consumer Society, ed. W. Belasco and P. Scranton, 24–32. New York: Routledge.
Monash University. 2017. Low FODMAP Diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Monash University. Available at: http://www.med.monash.edu/cecs/gastro/fodmap/. Accessed 17 Jan 2017.
Mooney, G. 2012. The Health of Nations: Towards a New Political Economy. London: Zed Books.
Murphy, R. 1987. The Body Silent. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Nestle, M. 2013. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Nestle, M. 2016. Corporate Funding of Food and Nutrition Research: Science or Marketing? JAMA Internal Medicine 176 (1): 13–14.
NHPA. 2013. Healthy Communities: Overweight and Obesity Rates across Australia, 2011–2012. National Health Performance Authority. Available at: http://www.myhealthycommunities.gov.au/Content/publications/downloads/NHPA_HC_Report_Overweight_and_Obesity_Report_October_2013.pdf. Accessed 9 Feb 2017.
OCA. 2014. Every Woman Needs to Know the Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian Cancer Australia. Available at: https://ovariancancer.net.au/awareness/. Accessed 6 Feb 2017.
OECD. 2015. Health at a Glance 2015: OECD Indicators. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Peck, J. 2010. Constructions of Neoliberal Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Phillips, T. 2015. Law, Environmental Illness and Medical Uncertainty: The Contested Governance of Health. New York: Routledge.
Pollock, N. 1995. Introduction. In Social Aspects of Obesity, ed. I. de Garine and N. Pollock, xiii–xxxiii. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science.
RCH. 2016. Australian Child Health Poll. The Royal Children’s Hospital. Available at: https://www.childhealthpoll.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ACHP-Poll3_Detailed-Report-C.pdf. Accessed 15 Aug 2016.
Richards, C., G. Lawrence, M. Loong, and D. Burch. 2012. A Toothless Chihuahua? The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Neoliberalism and Supermarket Power in Australia. Rural Society Journal 21 (3): 250–263.
Richards, C., U. Kjærnes, and J. Vik. 2016. Food Security in Welfare Capitalism: Comparing Social Entitlements to Food in Australia and Norway. Journal of Rural Studies 43: 61–70.
Saguy, A., and R. Almeling. 2014. Making the ‘Obesity Epidemic’: The Role of Science and the News Media. In Obesity, Eating Disorders and the Media, ed. K. Eli and S. Ulijaszek, 107–123. Farnham: Ashgate.
Scrinis, G. 2013. Nutritionism: The Science and Politics of Dietary Advice. New York: Columbia University Press.
Shugart, H. 2014. Heavy Viewing: Emergent Frames in Contemporary News Coverage of Obesity. In Obesity, Eating Disorders and the Media, ed. K. Eli and S. Ulijaszek, 141–168. Farnham: Ashgate.
Sominsky, L., and S. Spencer. 2014. Eating Behaviour and Stress: A Pathway to Obesity. Frontiers in Psychology 5 (434): 1–8.
Stuckler, D., and M. Nestle. 2012. Big Food, Food Systems, and Global Health. PLoS Medicine 9 (6): 1–4.
The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration. 2016. Body-Mass Index and All-Cause Mortality: Individual Participant-Data Meta-Analysis of 239 Prospective Studies in Four Continents. The Lancet 388 (10046): 776–786.
Thomas, S., J. Hyde, A. Karunaratne, D. Herbert, and P. Komesaroff. 2008. Being ‘Fat’ in Today’s World: A Qualitative Study of the Lived Experiences of People with Obesity in Australia. Health Expectations 11 (4): 321–330.
Wacquant, L. 2009. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Webb, J. 2012. Climate Change and Society: The Chimera of Behaviour Change Technologies. Sociology 46 (1): 109–125.
Wilkinson, I. 2013. The Problem of Suffering as a Driving Force of Rationalization and Social Change. The British Journal of Sociology 64 (1): 123–141.
Wilson, S., and N. Ebert. 2013. Precarious Work: Economic, Sociological and Political Perspectives. The Economic and Labour Relations Review 24 (3): 263–278.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gressier, C. (2018). Beleaguered Bodies: Illness and Obesity in Neoliberal Australia. In: Illness, Identity, and Taboo among Australian Paleo Dieters . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67250-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67250-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67249-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67250-2
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)