Abstract
This chapter discusses angioplasty and stenting technique and patient management for extracranial stenosis of the carotid bifurcation well as less common indications including common carotid and subclavian artery origin stenosis and extracranial vertebral stenosis. Complication avoidance and management are covered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
McKevitt FM, Randall MS, Cleveland TJ, Gaines PA, Tan KT, Venables GS. The benefits of combined anti-platelet treatment in carotid artery stenting. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;29:522–7.
Hong JH, Sohn SI, Kwak J, et al. Dose-dependent effect of statin pretreatment on preventing the periprocedural complications of carotid artery stenting. Stroke. 2017;48(7):1890–4.
Al-Mubarak N, Roubin GS, Iyer SS, Gomez CR, Liu MW, Vitek JJ. Carotid stenting for severe radiation-induced extracranial carotid artery occlusive disease. J Endovasc Ther. 2000;7:36–40.
Perez-Arjona EA, DelProsto Z, Fessler RD. Direct percutaneous carotid artery stenting with distal protection: technical case report. Neurol Res. 2004;26:338–41.
Mitsuhashi Y, Nishio A, Kawakami T, et al. New pull-through technique using the superficial temporal artery for transbrachial carotid artery stenting. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2009;49:320–4.
Ruzsa Z, Nemes B, Pinter L, et al. A randomised comparison of transradial and transfemoral approach for carotid artery stenting: RADCAR (RADial access for CARotid artery stenting) study. EuroIntervention. 2014;10:381–91.
Jin S-CMD, Kwon OKMD, Oh CWMD, et al. A technical strategy for carotid artery stenting: suboptimal prestent balloon angioplasty without poststenting balloon dilatation. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:1438–43.
Martin JB, Pache JC, Treggiari-Venzi M, et al. Role of the distal balloon protection technique in the prevention of cerebral embolic events during carotid stent placement. Stroke. 2001;32:479–84.
Vitek JJ, Roubin GS, Al-Mubarek N, New G, Iyer SS. Carotid Artery Stenting: Technical Considerations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:1736–43.
Pierce DS, Rosero EB, Modrall JG, et al. Open-cell versus closed-cell stent design differences in blood flow velocities after carotid stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49:602–6. discussion 6
Calvet D, Mas JL, Algra A, et al. Carotid stenting: is there an operator effect? A pooled analysis from the carotid stenting trialists’ collaboration. Stroke. 2014;45:527–32.
Sadato A, Satow T, Ishii A, Ohta T, Hashimoto N. Use of a large angioplasty balloon for predilation is a risk factor for embolic complications in protected carotid stenting. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44:337–42. discussion 43
Bussiere M, Pelz DM, Kalapos P, et al. Results using a self-expanding stent alone in the treatment of severe symptomatic carotid bifurcation stenosis. J Neurosurg. 2008;109:454–60.
Al-Mubarak N, Roubin GS, Vitek JJ, Iyer SS, New G, Leon MB. Effect of the distal-balloon protection system on microembolization during carotid stenting. Circulation. 2001;104:1999–2002.
Barker CM, Gomez J, Grotta JC, Smalling RW. Feasibility of carotid artery stenting in patients with angiographic string sign. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;75:1104–9.
Groschel K, Riecker A, Schulz JB, Ernemann U, Kastrup A. Systematic review of early recurrent stenosis after carotid angioplasty and stenting. Stroke. 2005;36:367–73.
de Donato G, Setacci C, Deloose K, Peeters P, Cremonesi A, Bosiers M. Long-term results of carotid artery stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:1431–40. discussion 40-1
Gaudry M, Bartoli JM, Bal L, et al. Anatomical and technical factors influence the rate of in-stent restenosis following carotid artery stenting for the treatment of post-carotid endarterectomy stenosis. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0161716.
Tamberella MR, Yadav JS, Bajzer CT, Bhatt DL, Abou-Chebl A. Cutting balloon angioplasty to treat carotid in-stent restenosis. J Invasive Cardiol. 2004;16:133–5.
Heck D. Results of cutting balloon angioplasty for carotid artery in-stent restenosis in six patients: description of the technique, long-term outcomes, and review of the literature. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2009;1:48–50.
Liistro F, Porto I, Grotti S, et al. Drug-eluting balloon angioplasty for carotid in-stent restenosis. J Endovasc Ther. 2012;19:729–33.
Pourier VE, de Borst GJ. Technical options for treatment of in-stent restenosis after carotid artery stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64:1486–96.
Barr JD, Connors JJ, III, Sacks D, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for the performance of cervical carotid angioplasty and stent placement: developed by a collaborative panel of the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, the American Society of Neuroradiology, and the Society of Interventional Radiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:2020–2034.
Biasi GM, Froio A, Diethrich EB, et al. Carotid plaque echolucency increases the risk of stroke in carotid stenting: the imaging in carotid angioplasty and risk of stroke (ICAROS) study. Circulation. 2004;110:756–62.
Wholey M. ARCHeR trial: prospective clinical trial for carotid stenting in high surgical risk patients-preliminary 30-day results. American College of Cardiology annual meeting; 2003; Chicago, IL.
Qureshi AI, Luft AR, Janardhan V, et al. Identification of patients at risk for periprocedural neurological deficits associated with carotid angioplasty and stenting. Stroke. 2000;31:376–82.
Qureshi AI, Saad M, Zaidat OO, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhages associated with neurointerventional procedures using a combination of antithrombotic agents including abciximab. Stroke. 2002;33:1916–9.
Meyers PM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC, et al. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:335–45.
Abou-Chebl A, Yadav JS, Reginelli JP, Bajzer C, Bhatt D, Krieger DW. Intracranial hemorrhage and hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid artery stenting: risk factors, prevention, and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1596–601.
Ouriel K, Shortell CK, Illig KA, Greenberg RK, Green RM. Intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy: incidence, contribution to neurologic morbidity, and predictive factors. J Vasc Surg. 1999;29:82–7. discussion 7-9
Sbarigia E, Speziale F, Giannoni MF, Colonna M, Panico MA, Fiorani P. Post-carotid endarterectomy hyperperfusion syndrome: preliminary observations for identifying at risk patients by transcranial Doppler sonography and the acetazolamide test. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1993;7:252–6.
Dangas G, Monsein LH, Laureno R, et al. Transient contrast encephalopathy after carotid artery stenting. J Endovasc Ther. 2001;8:111–3.
Wholey MH, Wholey MH, Tan WA, et al. Management of neurological complications of carotid artery stenting. J Endovasc Ther. 2001;8:341–53.
Sfyroeras GS, Koutsiaris A, Karathanos C, Giannakopoulos A, Giannoukas AD. Clinical relevance and treatment of carotid stent fractures. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51(5):1280.
Robertson SW, Cheng CP, Razavi MK. Biomechanical response of stented carotid arteries to swallowing and neck motion. J Endovasc Ther. 2008;15:663–71.
Bosiers M, Peeters P, Deloose K, et al. Does carotid artery stenting work on the long run: 5-year results in high-volume centers (ELOCAS Registry). J Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;46:241–7.
Wholey MH. What's new in carotid artery stenting. J Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;46:189–92.
Wholey MH, Wholey MH, Tan WA, Eles G, Jarmolowski C, Cho S. A comparison of balloon-mounted and self-expanding stents in the carotid arteries: immediate and long-term results of more than 500 patients. J Endovasc Ther. 2003;10:171–81.
Reimers B, Corvaja N, Moshiri S, et al. Cerebral protection with filter devices during carotid artery stenting. Circulation. 2001;104:12–5.
Macdonald S, Venables GS, Cleveland TJ, Gaines PA. Protected carotid stenting: safety and efficacy of the MedNova NeuroShield filter. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:966–72.
Theron J, Courtheoux P, Alachkar F, Bouvard G, Maiza D. New triple coaxial catheter system for carotid angioplasty with cerebral protection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990;11:869–77.
Parodi JC, Schonholz C, Ferreira LM, Mendaro E, Ohki T. “Seat belt and air bag” technique for cerebral protection during carotid stenting. J Endovasc Ther. 2002;9:20–4.
Whitlow PL, Lylyk P, Londero H, et al. Carotid artery stenting protected with an emboli containment system. Stroke. 2002;33:1308–14.
Henry M, Henry I, Klonaris C, et al. Benefits of cerebral protection during carotid stenting with the PercuSurge GuardWire system: midterm results. J Endovasc Ther. 2002;9:1–13.
Chaer RA, Trocciola S, DeRubertis B, Lin SC, Kent KC, Faries PL. Cerebral ischemia associated with PercuSurge balloon occlusion balloon during carotid stenting: Incidence and possible mechanisms. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:946–52. discussion 52
Coppi G, Moratto R, Silingardi R, et al. PRIAMUS—proximal flow blockage cerebral protectIon during carotid stenting: results from a Multicenter Italian registry. J Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;46:219–27.
Henry M, Amor M, Klonaris C, et al. Angioplasty and stenting of the extracranial carotid arteries. Tex Heart Inst J. 2000;27:150–8.
Siewiorek GM, Finol EA, Wholey MH. Clinical significance and technical assessment of stent cell geometry in carotid artery stenting. J Endovasc Ther. 2009;16:178–88.
Tanaka N, Martin JB, Tokunaga K, et al. Conformity of carotid stents with vascular anatomy: evaluation in carotid models. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:604–7.
Park KY, Kim DI, Kim BM, et al. Incidence of embolism associated with carotid artery stenting: open-cell versus closed-cell stents. J Neurosurg. 2013;119:642–7.
Yilmaz U, Korner H, Muhl-Benninghaus R, et al. Acute occlusions of dual-layer carotid stents after endovascular emergency treatment of tandem lesions. Stroke. 2017;
Charbel F, Guppy K, Carney A, Ausman J. Extracranial vertebral artery disease. In: Winn H, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004. p. 1691–714.
Kumar A, Mafee M, Dobben G, Whipple M, Pieri A. Diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency: time to rethink established dogma? Ear Nose Throat J. 1998;77:966–9. 72-4
Amole AO, Akdol MS, Wood CE, Keyrouz SG, Erdem E. Endovascular management of symptomatic vertebral artery origin stenosis in the presence of an acute thrombus. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2011;
Wehman JC, Hanel RA, Guidot CA, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Atherosclerotic occlusive extracranial vertebral artery disease: indications for intervention, endovascular techniques, short-term and long-term results. J Interv Cardiol. 2004;17:219–32.
Stayman AN, Nogueira RG, Gupta R. A systematic review of stenting and angioplasty of symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis. Stroke. 2011;42:2212–6.
Hatano TMDP, Tsukahara TMDP, Miyakoshi AMD, Arai DMD, Yamaguchi SMD, Murakami MMDP. Stent placement for atherosclerotic stenosis of the vertebral artery ostium: angiographic and clinical outcomes in 117 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:108–16.
Rees CR, Palmaz JC, Becker GJ, et al. Palmaz stent in atherosclerotic stenoses involving the ostia of the renal arteries: preliminary report of a multicenter study. Radiology. 1991;181:507–14.
Tuttle KR, Chouinard RF, Webber JT, et al. Treatment of atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis with the intravascular stent. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:611–22.
Henry M, Amor M, Henry I, et al. Stents in the treatment of renal artery stenosis: long-term follow-up. J Endovasc Surg. 1999;6:42–51.
Fischell TA, Saltiel FS, Foster MT, Wong SC, Dishman DA, Moses J. Initial clinical experience using an ostial stent positioning system (Ostial Pro) for the accurate placement of stents in the treatment of coronary aorto-ostial lesions. J Invasive Cardiol. 2009;21:53–9.
Salazar M, Kern MJ, Patel PM. Exact deployment of stents in ostial renal artery stenosis using the stent tail wire or Szabo technique. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;74:946–50.
Cagnie B, Barbaix E, Vinck E, D’Herde K, Cambier D. Extrinsic risk factors for compromised blood flow in the vertebral artery: anatomical observations of the transverse foramina from C3 to C7. Surg Radiol Anat. 2005:1–5.
Cagnie B, Jacobs F, Barbaix E, Vinck E, Dierckx R, Cambier D. Changes in cerebellar blood flow after manipulation of the cervical spine using Technetium 99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2005;28:103–7.
Mapstone T, Spetzler RF. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency secondary to vertebral artery occlusion froma fibrous band. Case Rep J Neurosurg. 1982;56:581–3.
Vates GE, Wang KC, Bonovich D, Dowd CF, Lawton MT. Bow hunter stroke caused by cervical disc herniation. Case Rep J Neurosurg. 2002;96:90–3.
Frisoni GB, Anzola GP. Vertebrobasilar ischemia after neck motion. Stroke. 1991;22:1452–60.
Hanakita J, Miyake H, Nagayasu S, Nishi S, Suzuki T. Angiographic examination and surgical treatment of bow hunter’s stroke. Neurosurgery. 1988;23:228-32.
Shimizu T, Waga S, Kojima T, Niwa S. Decompression of the vertebral artery for bow-hunter’s stroke. Case Rep J Neurosurg. 1988;69:127–31.
Matsuyama T, Morimoto T, Sakaki T. Comparison of C1-2 posterior fusion and decompression of the vertebral artery in the treatment of bow hunter’s stroke. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:619–23.
Babic S, Sagic D, Radak D, et al. Initial and long-term results of endovascular therapy for chronic total occlusion of the subclavian artery. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011;
Omeish AF, Ghanma IM, Alamlih RI. Successful stenting of total left subclavian artery occlusion post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery using dual left vertebral artery and left internal mammary artery protection. J Invasive Cardiol. 2011;23:E132–6.
Miyakoshi A, Hatano T, Tsukahara T, Murakami M, Arai D, Yamaguchi S. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for atherosclerotic stenosis of the subclavian or innominate artery: angiographic and clinical outcomes in 36 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2011;
Burihan E, Soma F, Iared W. Angioplasty versus stenting for subclavian artery stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011:CD008461.
Law MM, Colburn MD, Moore WS, Quinones-Baldrich WJ, Machleder HI, Gelabert HA. Carotid-subclavian bypass for brachiocephalic occlusive disease. Choice of conduit and long-term follow-up. Stroke. 1995;26:1565–71.
North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:445–53.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Harrigan, M.R., Deveikis, J.P. (2018). Extracranial Angioplasty and Stenting. In: Handbook of Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurointerventional Technique. Contemporary Medical Imaging. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66779-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66779-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-66777-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-66779-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)