Abstract
This work addresses the problem of estimating heart rate from face videos under real conditions using a model based on the recursive inference problem that leverages the local invariance of the heart rate. The proposed solution is based on the canonical state space representation of an Itō process and a Wiener velocity model. Empirical results yield to excellent real-time and estimation performance of heart rate in presence of disturbing factors, like rigid head motion, talking and facial expressions under natural illumination conditions making the process of heart rate estimation from face videos applicable in a much broader sense. To facilitate comparisons and to support research we made the code and data for reproducing the results public available.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arnold, I.: Ordinary Differential Equations. MIT Press, Cambridge (1973)
Bland, J., Altman, D.: Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 327(8476), 307–310 (1986)
Blanik, N., Blazek, C., Pereira, C., Blazek, V., Leonhardt, S.: Wearable photoplethysmographic sensors: past and present. In: Proceedings of the SPIE 9034, Medical Imaging: Image Processing (2014)
Blazek, C., Hülsbusch, M.: Assessment of allergic skin reactions and their hemodynamical quantification using photoplethysmography imaging. In: Proceedings of 11th International Symposium CNVD, Computer-Aided Noninvasive Vascular Diagnostics, vol. 3, 85–90 (2005)
Blazek, V.: Optoelektronische Erfassung und rechnerunterstützte Analyse der Mikrozirkulations-Rhythmik. Biomed. Techn. 30(1), 121–122 (1985)
Blazek, V., Blanik, N., Blazek, C., Paul, M., Pereira, C., Koeny, M., Venema, B., Leonhardt, S.: Active and passive optical imaging modality for unobtrusive cardiorespiratory monitoring and facial expressions assessment. Assessment. Anesth Analg. 124, 104–119 (2017)
Bloom, H., Bar-Shalom, Y.: The interacting multiple model algorithm for systems with markovian switching coefficients. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 33(8), 780–783 (1988)
Cardoso, J.: High-order contrasts for independent component analysis. Neural Comput. 11(1), 157–192 (1999)
Cox, D.: Some statistical methods connected with series of events. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. 17(2), 129–164 (1950)
Durbin, J., Koopman, S.: Time Series Analysis by State Space Methods. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2001)
Feynman, R., Leighton, R., Sands, M.: The Feynman Lectures on Physics, vol. 1. Addison-Wesley, Boston (1963). Chap. 21
Gray, R., Neuhoff, D.: Quantization. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 44(6), 2325–2383 (1998)
Grewal, M., Andrews, A.: Kalman Filtering Theory and Practice Using Matlab. Wiley Interscience, Hoboken (2001)
de Haan, G., Jeanne, V.: Robust pulse-rate from chrominance-based rppg. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 60(10), 2878–2886 (2014)
de Haan, G., van Leest, A.: Improved motion robustness of remote-ppg by using the blood volume pulse signature. Physiol. Meas. 3(9), 1913–1926 (2014)
Hertzman, A.: Photoelectric plethysmography of the fingers and toes in man. Exp. Biol. Med. 37(3), 529–534 (1937)
Hülsbusch, M.: A functional imaging technique for opto-electronic assessment of skin perfusion. Ph.D. thesis, RWTH Aachen University (2008)
Itô, K.: On Stochastic Differential Equations, vol. 4. Memoris of The American Mathematical Society (1951)
Jazwinski, A.: Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory. Academic Press, New York (1970)
Jones, R.H.: Fitting multivariate models to unequally spaced data. In: Parzen, E. (ed.) Time Series Analysis of Irregularly Observed Data. LNS, vol. 25, pp. 158–188. Springer, New York (1984). doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9403-7_8
Kalman, R., Bucy, R.: New results in linear filtering and prediction theory. Trans. ASME-J. Basic Eng. 83, 95–108 (1961)
Khintchine, A.: Korrelationstheorie der stationären stochastischen Prozesse. Springer-Mathematische Annalen 109, 604–615 (1934)
Lam, A., Kuno, Y.: Robust heart rate measurement from video using select random patches. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 3640–3648 (2015)
Lewandowska, M., Ruminski, J., Kocejko, T., Nowak, J.: Measuring pulse rate with a webcam - a non-contact method for evaluating cardiac activity. In: Proceedings of the FedCSIS, Szczecin, Poland, pp. 405–410 (2011)
Li, X., Chen, J., Zhao, G., Pietikinen, M.: Remote heart rate measurement from face videos under realistic situations. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Columbus, OH (2014)
Lomb, N.: Least-squares frequency analysis of unequally spaced data. Astrophys. Space Sci. 39(2), 447–462 (1976)
Makhnin, O.: Filtering for some stochastic processes with discrete observations. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University (2002)
McDuff, D., Gontarek, S., Picard, R.: Remote measurement of cognitive stress via heart rate variability. In: 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 2957–2960 (2014)
Moço, A., Stuijk, S., de Haan, G.: Ballistocardiographic artifacts in PPG imaging. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 63(9), 1804–1811 (2015)
Moço, A., Stuijk, S., de Haan, G.: Motion robust PPG-imaging through color channel mapping. Biomed. Opt. Express 7, 1737–1754 (2016)
Molitor, H., Knaizuk, M.: A new bloodless method for continuous recording of peripheral change. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Theret. 27, 5–16 (1936)
Øksendal, B.: Stochastic Differential Equations. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Oliver, B., Pierce, J., Shannon, C.: The philosophy of PCM. Proc. IRE 36, 1324–1331 (1948)
Osman, A., Turcot, J., Kaliouby, R.E.: Supervised learning approach to remote heart rate estimation from facial videos. In: 11th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 1–6 (2015)
Poh, M., McDuff, J., Picard, R.: Non-contact, automated cardiac pulse measurements using video imaging and blind source separation. Opt. Express 18(10), 10762–10774 (2010)
Ramirez, G., Fuentes, O., Crites, S., Jimenez, M., Ordonez, J.: Color analysis of facial skin: detection of emotional state. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 474–479 (2014)
Särkkä, S.: Recursive Bayesian inference on stochastic differential equations. Ph.D. thesis, Helsinki University of Technology (2006)
Särkkä, S., Solin, A., Nummenmaa, A., Vehtari, T., Vanni, F.L.: Dynamic retrospective filtering of physiological noise in BOLD fMRI. NeuroImage 60(2), 1517–1527 (2012)
Scargle, J.: Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II - statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data. Astrophys. J. 263(1), 835–853 (1982)
Teplov, V.: Blood pulsation imaging. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland (2014)
Tulyakov, S., Pineda, X.A., Ricci, E., Yin, L., Cohn, J., Sebe, N.: Self-adaptive matrix completion for heart rate estimation from face videos under realistic conditions. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2016)
Verkruysse, W., Svaasand, L., Nelson, J.: Remote plethysmographic imaging using ambient light. Opt. Express 16(26), 21434–21445 (2008)
Viola, P., Jones, M.: Robust real-time object detection. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 57, 137–154 (2001)
Wang, W., Stuijk, S., de Haan, G.: A novel algorithm for remote photoplethysmography: spatial subspace rotation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 63(9), 1974–1984 (2015)
Wiener, N.: The average of an analytical functional and the brownian movement. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 7(1), 294–298 (1921)
Wiener, N.: Generalized harmonic analysis. Acta Mathematica 55, 117–258 (1930)
Zakai, M.: On the optimal filtering of diffusion processes. Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 11(3), 230–243 (1969)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Pilz, C.S., Krajewski, J., Blazek, V. (2017). On the Diffusion Process for Heart Rate Estimation from Face Videos Under Realistic Conditions. In: Roth, V., Vetter, T. (eds) Pattern Recognition. GCPR 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10496. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66709-6_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66709-6_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-66708-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-66709-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)