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The Combination of Stem Cell Factor (SCF) and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in Repairing the Brain Post-acute Stroke

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Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Regeneration and Repair

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ((SSTSR))

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Abstract

Stroke represents the leading cause of long-term disability in adults worldwide. Most stroke survivors suffer from lifelong neurological deficits. Developing a pharmaceutical approach to enhance brain repair and improve functional outcomes post-acute stroke is a very important but less investigated area in stroke research. Stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) are the well-characterized vital hematopoietic growth factors for regulating hematopoiesis. Increasing evidence supports that SCF and G-CSF also play roles in the nervous system. Over the past decade, preclinical studies have demonstrated that SCF in combination with G-CSF synergistically enhances stroke recovery in the subacute or chronic phase. In this chapter, we have reviewed the biological function of SCF and G-CSF in hematopoiesis, neural plasticity, and neurogenesis, and summarized the preclinical studies illustrating the neurorestorative effects of SCF and G-CSF post-acute stroke.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BDA:

Biotinylated dextran amine

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CADASIL:

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Colony stimulating factor

CXCR4:

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4

DRGs:

Dorsal root ganglia neurons

ECs:

Endothelial cells

G-CSF:

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

GCSFR:

G-CSF receptor

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor

HPCs:

Hematopoietic progenitor cells

HSCs:

Hematopoietic stem cells

LTP:

Long-term potential

NSCs/NPCs:

Neural stem/progenitor cells

PPF:

Paired-pulse facilitation

SCF:

Stem cell factor

SDF-1:

Stromal cell-derived factor 1

SGZ:

Subgranular zone

SHRs:

Spontaneous hypertensive rats

Sl :

Steel gene

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

tPA:

Tissue plasminogen activator

U-type spines:

Uncertain type spines

W :

White-spotting gene

YFP:

Yellow fluorescent protein

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Sandy McGillis for her assistance in editing the manuscript. This work was partially supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS060911), National Institute on Aging (1R01AG051674), and Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 RX002125) in the United States.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    Li-Ru Zhao M.D., Ph.D., Suning Ping & Fei Hao

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  1. Li-Ru Zhao M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Suning Ping
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  3. Fei Hao
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Correspondence to Li-Ru Zhao M.D., Ph.D. .

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  1. Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, AHSP, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Paul A. Lapchak

  2. Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

    John H. Zhang

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Zhao, LR., Ping, S., Hao, F. (2018). The Combination of Stem Cell Factor (SCF) and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in Repairing the Brain Post-acute Stroke. In: Lapchak, P., Zhang, J. (eds) Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Regeneration and Repair. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66679-2_10

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