Abstract
Date palm is one of the main horticultural crops of the ancient and recent world and an important source of food. Geographical distribution between 24° and 34°N latitude is considered as the main biodiversity centers of date palm distribution. There are about 5000 date palm cultivars besides countless varietal strains throughout the world, but every date-producing country has only few top commercial cultivars being cultivated and exported in all over the world. Commercial laboratories of tissue culture-derived date palm have contributed in spreading the cultivation and exchange safely cultivars of date palm worldwide. However, the date palm diversity is nowadays facing crucial problems such as Bayoud disease and red palm weevil (RPW) besides water shortage, urban settlement and disruption, rapid soil and genetic erosion and uncontrolled commercial exploitations of cultivating only elite cultivars. Numerous efforts have been made for in situ/on-farm conservation methods though effective but quite expensive and hence found only on small scale. The ex situ conservation methods of seed and DNA storage are not applicable due to their recalcitrant seeds and heterozygosity nature. Nevertheless, the in vitro conservation of date palm in form of shoot tips, axillary buds, embryos, and callus for longer periods by using slow growth or cold storage in vitro cultures and cryopreservation techniques is promising but might undergo somaclonal variation and less viability after thawing. The maintenance of field gene banks is found to be highly effective for conservation and providing the long-term preservation but relatively expensive and requiring huge space.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdulla M, Gamal O (2010) Investigation on molecular phylogeny of some date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars by protein, RAPD and ISSR markers in Saudi Arabia. Aust J Crop Sci 4:23–28
Abul-Soad AA (2011a) Micropropagation of date palm using inflorescence explants. In: Jain SM, Al-Khayri JM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm biotechnology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 91–118
Abul-Soad AA (2011b) Date palm in Pakistan, current status and prospective. Report USAID Pakistan
Abul-Soad AA, Mahdi SM (2010) Commercial production of tissue culture date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by inflorescence technique. J Genet Eng Biotech 8:39–44
Abul-Soad AA, Mahdi SM (2012) Micropropagation of date palm males and females. Bless Tree 4:80–86
Abul-Soad AA, Markhand GS, Shah SA (2009) Study on potential impact of lowering of groundwater on date palm plantations. Final plantations. Final report, Hagler Bailly Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. Islamabad, Pakistan
Abul-Soad AA, Markhand GS, Memon S (2010) DuPont Tyvek® bags impact on dates. Final report. DuPont Pakistan Operations (Pvt.) Ltd. Lahore, Pakistan
Abul-Soad AA, Maitlo WA, Markhand GS, Mahdi SM (2011c) Date palm wilt disease (sudden decline syndrome) in Pakistan, symptoms and remedy. Blessed Tree 3:38–43
Abul-Soad AA, Mahdi SM, Markhand GS (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Pakistan. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 2. Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands, pp 153–205
Abul-Soad AA, Emara KS, Abdallah AS, Mahdi SM (2016) Conservation of superior Egyptian date palm genotypes through in vitro culture of inflorescence explants. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference for date palm (ICDP), Qassim University, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 10–12 October 2016 (Under publication)
Adesiji G, Olujide M, Bolarin O, Sanusi M, Komalafe S (2013) An assessment of date palm technologies utilized by the farmers in Dutse local government area of Jigawa state, Nigeria. J Sustain Dev Africa 15:11–24
Ahmed TA, Al-Qaradawi AYK (2009) Molecular phylogeny of Qatari date palm genotypes using simple sequence repeats markers. Biotechnol 8:126–131
Ahmed MVO, Bounaa ZO, Fouteye M, LemineaM DjehaTKO, Mokhtarb T, Salema AOM (2010) Use of multivariate analysis to assess phenotypic diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. Sci Hort 127:367–371
Aisueni NO, Ikuenobe CE, Okolo EC, Ekhator F (2009) Response of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seedlings to organic manure, N and K fertilizers in polybag nursery. Afr J Agric Res 4:162–165
Al-Abbad A, Al-Jamal M, Al-Elaiw Z, Al-ShreedF Belaifa H (2011) A study on the economic feasibility of date palm cultivation in the Al-Hassa Oasis of Saudi Arabia. J Dev Agric Econ 3:463–468
Al-Bahrany AM, Al-Khayri JM (2012) Optimizing in vitro cryopreservation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Biotechnol 11:59–66
Al-Bakr A (1972) The date palm. Its past and present status. Alani Press, Baghdad
Al-Doss AA, Aly MA, Bacha MA (2001) Morphological and agronomical variations among some date palm cultivars grown in Saudi Arabia using principal component and cluster analysis. King Saud Univ Agr J 13:3–18 (In Arabic)
Al-Dous EK, George B, Al-Mahmoud ME, Al-jaber MY, Wang H, Salameh YM, Al-azwani EK, Chaluvadi S, Pontaroli AC, Debarry J, Arondel V, Ohlrogge J, Saie IJ, Suliman-Elmeer KM, Bennetzen JL, Kruegger RR, Malek JA (2011) De novo genome sequencing and comparative genomics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). Nat Biotechnol 29:521–527
Aleid SM, Al-Khayri JM, Al-Bahrany AM (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Saudi Arabia. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 2. Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands, pp 125–168
Al-Ghamdi AS (2001) Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) germplasm bank in King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Survival and adaptability of tissue cultured plantlets. Acta Hort 450:241–244
Alhudaib K, Arocha Y, Wilson M, Jones P (2007) Al-Wijam, a new phytoplasma disease of date palm in Saudi Arabia. Bull Insectology 60:285–286
Al-Khalifah NS (2006) Metaxenia: influence of pollen on the maternal tissue of fruits of two cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Bangladesh J Bot 35:151–161
Al-Khalifah NS, Askari E (2003) Molecular phylogeny of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Saudi Arabia by DNA fingerprinting. TheorAppl Genet 107:1266–1270
Al-Khateeb TA, Jubrael JM (2006) The use of RAPD markers for sex and male cultivars identification in (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Iraq. Acta Hort 736:162–170
Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (2015a) Date Palm date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol. 2-Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands
Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (2015b) Date Palm genetic resources and utilization, vol. 1-Africa and Americas. Springer, Netherlands
Al-Mahmoud ME, Al-Dous EK, Al-Azwani EK, Malek JA (2012) DNA-based assays to distinguish date palm (Arecaceae) gender. Amer J Bot 99:7–10
Al-Moshileh AM, Motawei MI, Al-Wasel A, Abdel-Latif T (2004) Identification of some date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars in Saudi Arabia using RAPD fingerprints. Agr Marine Sci 9:1–3
Al-Yahyai R, Al-Khanjari S (2008) Biodiversity of date palm in the sultanate of Oman. Afr J Agric Res 3:389–395
Al-Yahyai R, Khan MM (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Oman. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 2. Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands, pp 207–240
Asrat S, Yesuf M, Carlsson F, Wale E (2010) Farmers’ preferences for crop variety traits: lessons for on-farm conservation and technology adoption. Ecol Econ 69:2394–2401
Ba-Angood S (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Yemen. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 2: Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands, pp 241–263
Baaziz M, Saaidi M (1988) Preliminary identification of date palm cultivars by esterase isoenzymes and peroxidase activities. Can J Bot 66:89–93
Bagnioll S, Engelmann F, Michaux-Ferriè N (1992) Histo-cytological study of apices from in vitro plantlets of date palm during a cryopreservation process. Cryo-Lett 13:405–412
Bailey HLH (1976) Hortus Third. Macmillan, New York
Barrow SA (1998) Monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Kew Bull 53:513–575
Bashah MA (1996) Date variety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Guide booklet for palms and dates. King Abdul aziz Univ Press, Jeddah, pp 1225–1319
Battaglia M, Ghsera B, Mancini M, Bergesio C, Camussi A, Racchi ML (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Libya. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 1. Africa and the Americas. Springer, Netherlands, pp 223–255
Beccari O (1890) Revista monografica delle species del genera Phoenix L. Malesia 3:345–416
Beech M (2003) Archaeological evidence for early date consumption in the Arabian Gulf. The date palm: from traditional resource to green wealth. Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research, Abu Dhabi, pp 11–33
Bekheet SA (2011) In vitro conservation of date palm germplasm. In: Jain SM, Al- Khayri JM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm biotechnology. Springer, Netherlands, pp 337–360
Bekheet SA (2015) Effect of cryopreservation on salt and drought tolerance of date palm cultured in vitro. Sci Agr 9:142–149
Bekheet SA, Taha HS (2013) Complementary strategy for conservation of date palm germplasm. Glob J Biodivers Sci Manag 3:96–107
Bekheet SA, Taha HS, Saker MM (2001) In vitro long-term storage of date palm. Biol Plant 45:121–124
Bekheet SA, Taha HS, Elbahr MK (2005) Preservation of date palm cultures using encapsulated somatic embryos. Arab J Biotechnol 8:319–328
Bekheet SA, Taha HS, Saker MM, Solliman ME (2007) Application of cryopreservation technique for in vitro grown date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultures. J Appl Sci Res 3:859–866
Bender DA, Bender AE (2005) A dictionary of food and nutrition. Oxford University Press, New York
Benkhalifa A (1999) Gestion de la diversitégénétique du palmier dattierenAlgérie. Paper presented at the workshop constitution etorganisationd’équipes de recherchescientifi que dans les domaines de foresterie et des arbresfruitiers, Marrakech, 13–15 April
Bodian A, Elhoumaizi MA, Ndoye Ndir K, Hasnaoui A, Nachtigall M, Wehling P (2012a) Genetic diversity analysis of date palm cultivars from Figuig oasis (Morocco) using SSR markers. Int J Sci Adv Technol 2:96–104
Bodian A, NdoyeNdir K, Diedhiou PM, Borgel A, Sane D, Sagna M (2012b) Analysis of genetic diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Mauritania using microsatellite markers. Int J Sci Adv Technol 2:36–43
Bouchireb N, Clark MS (1997) The application of biotechnology to date palm culture. In: Watanabe KN, Pehu E (eds) Plant biotechnology and plant genetic resources for sustainability and productivity. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp 183–195
Bouguedoura N, Bennaceur M, Babahani S, Benziouche SE (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Algeria. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 1. Africa and the Americas. Springer, Netherlands, pp 125–168
Bourou S, Woin N, Elhoumaizi AM (2006) Synthèse des rapports de projet: Projet FAO/CMR/3003, Promotion de production du palmier dattier dans la zone du Nord-Cameroun
Bourou S, Woin N, Elhoumaizi MA (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Cameroon. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 1. Africa and the Americas. Springer, Netherlands, pp 257–323
Brac de la Perrière RA, Benkhalifa A (1989) Identification de cultivars de dattiers (Phoenix dactylifera L.) du sud-ouestalgérien. Plant Gen Res Newsletter, FAO/IBPGR.78/79:13–20
Cao BR, Chao C-CT (2002) Identification of date cultivars in California using AFLP markers. HortSci 37:966–968
Chao CCT, Krueger RR (2007) The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): overview of biology, uses, and cultivation. HortSci 42:1077–1082
Chevalier A (1952) Recherches sur les Phoenix africains. Rev Intl Bot Appl 32:205–236
Cornicquel B, Mercier L (1997) Identification of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars by RFLP: partial characterization of a cDNA probe that contains a sequence encoding a zinc finger motif. Int J Plant Sci 158:152–156
Costantini L (1985) Considerazionisualcunireperti di palma da dattero e sulcentro di origine e l’area di coltivazionedella Phoenix dactylifera L. In: Gnoli G, Lanciotti L (eds) Orientalia Josephi Tucci Memoriae Dicata. Serie Orientale 56(1). IstitutoItaliano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Rome, pp 209–218
Cruz-Cruz CA, González-Arnao MT, Engelmann F (2013) Biotechnology and conservation of plant biodiversity. Resources 2:73–95
Das S (2009) Past and present status of date palm cultivation in Jessore District. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, pp 1–52
Diaz S, Pire C, Ferrer J, Bonete MJ (2003) Identification of Phoenix dactylifera L. varieties based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Cell Mol Biol Lett 8:891–899
Dowson VHW (1982) Date production and protection. Technical paper no. 35, FAO publication, Rome, Italy
Eissa EA, Abdelrazak AB, Elsharabishi SF, Rizk RM (2009) Morphological and molecular genetic characterization of soft date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars in Egypt. Egypt J Genet Cytol 38:269–284
El-Ashry AA, Shaltout AD, El-Bahr MK, Abd EL-Hamid A, Bekheet SA (2013) In vitro preservation of embryogenic callus cultures of two Egyptian dry date palm cultivars at darkness and low temperature conditions. J Hort Sci Ornament Plants 5:118–126
El-Assar AM, Krueger RR, Devanand PS, Chao CT (2005) Genetic analysis of Egyptian date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) accessions using AFLP markers. Genet Res Crop Evol 52:601–607
El-Dawayati MM, Zaid ZE, Elsharabasy SF (2012) The effect of conservation on steroids contents of callus explants of date palm cv. Sakkoti. Aust J Basic App Sci 6:305–310
Elhoumaizi MA (2007) Promotion de la production du palmier dattier dans la zone Nord du Cameroun. Rapport de projet TCP/CMR/3003
Elhoumaizi MA, Panchanoor SD, Fang J, Chao CCT (2006) Confirmation of ‘ Medjool ‘ date as a landrace variety through genetic analysis of Medjool accessions in Morocco. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 131:403–407
El-Houmaizi MA, Saadi M, Oihabi A, Cilas C (2002) Phenotypic diversity of date-palm cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from Morocco. Genet Res Crop Evol 49:483–490
El-Kharbotly A, El-Mardi O, Al-Saidi N, Al-Mahruki Y (1998) Towards the construction of genetic map of date palms using AFLP technique. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on date palm, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 8–10 March 1998, pp 194–207
El-khishin DA, Adawy SS, Hussein EHA, Elitriby HA (2003) AFLP fingerprinting of some Egyptian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. Arab J Biotechnol 6:223–234
Elmeer K, Mattat I (2015) Genetic diversity of Qatari date palm using SSR markers. Genet Mol Res 14:1624–1635
Elshibli S (2009) Genetic diversity and adaptation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Phd thesis, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, p 177
El-Tarras A, Hossni Y, lbanna EA, SefEldin A (2002) Genetic diversity within Egyptian date palm cultivars based on RAPD analysis. Egypt J Hort 29:205–216
Emoghene B, Asemota O, Idu M, Eke C (2015) Molecular characterization of some date palms in Nigeria using RAPD markers. J App Biol Biotech 3:26–30
Engelmann F (1991) In vitro conservation of tropical plant germplasm: a review. Euphytica 57:227–243
Engelmann F (2004) Plant cryopreservation: progress and prospects. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 40:427–433
Engelmann F (2011) Use of biotechnologies for the conservation of plant biodiversity. vitro Cell Dev Bio 47:5–16
Escobar HA, Valdivia RGJ (2015) Date palm status and perspective in South American Countries: Chile and Peru. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 1. Africa and the Americas. Springer, Netherlands, pp 257–323
Ezebilo E, Elsafi M, Garkava-Gustavsson L (2013) On-Farm diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) in Sudan: a potential genetic resources conservation strategy. Sustainability 5:338–356
Ferry M, Gomez S, Jimenez E, Navarro J, Ruiperez E, Vilella J (2002) The date palm grove of Elche, Spain: Research for the sustainable preservation of world heritage site. Palms 46:139–148
Fki L, Bouaziz N, Sahnoun N, Swennen R, Drira N, Panis B (2011) Palm cryobanking. CryoLetters 32:451–462
Fki L, Bouaziz N, Chkir O, Benjemaa-Masmoudi R, Rival A, Swennen R, Drira N, Panis B (2013) Cold hardening and sucrose treatment improve cryopreservation of date palm meristems. Biolog Plantarum 57:375–379
Gammell T (1989) Date palms in Kenya: an economic resource for arid and semi- arid areas. Acts Press, African Technology Studies, Nairobi
Garcia AAF, Benchimol LL, Barbosa AMM, Geraldi IO, Souza CL, de Souza AP (2004) Comparison of RAPD, RFLP, AFLP and SSR markers for diversity studies in tropical maize inbred lines. Genet Mol Biol 27:579–588
Gepts P (2002) The crop of the day: the date, Phoenix dactylifera. UC Davis Department of plant sciences, Davis, CA
González-Arnao MT, Panta A, Roca WM, Escobar RH, Engelmann F (2008) Development and large scale application of cryopreservation techniques for shoot and somatic embryo cultures of tropical crops. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 92:1–13
Haidar A, Dong H, Mavridis N (2012a) Image-based date fruit classification. In: Proceedings of 4th international congress on ultra-modern telecommunications and control systems and workshops (ICUMT), St. Petersburg, Russia, 3–5 Oct 2012, pp 369–375
Haider N, Nabulsi I, MirAli N (2012b) Phylogenetic relationships among date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars in Syria using RAPD and ISSR markers. J Plant Biol Res 1:12–24
Hajian S, Hamidi-Esfahani Z (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Iran. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 2: Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands, pp 19–47
Hammadi H, Mokhtar R, Mokhtar E, Ali AF (2009) New approach for morphological identification of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Tunisia. Pak J Bot 41:267–2681
Hamza H, Jemni M, Benabderrahim MA, Mrabet A, Touil S, Othmani A, Salah MB (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Tunisia BT—date palm genetic resources and utilization: volume 1: Africa and the Americas. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 193–221
Hamza H, Benabderrahim MA, Elbekkay M, Ferdaous G, Triki T, Ferchichi A (2012) Investigation of genetic variation in Tunisian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars using ISSR marker systems and their relation with fruit characteristics. Turk J Biol 36:449–458
Hazzouri KM, Flowers JM, Visser HJ, Khierallah HSM, Rosas U, Pham GM, Meyer RS, Johansen CK, Fresquez ZA, Masmoudi K, Haider N, El Kadri N, Idaghdour Y, Malek JA, Thirkhill D, Markhand GS, Krueger RR, Zaid A, Purugganan MD (2015) Whole genome re-sequencing of date palms yields insights into diversification of a fruit tree crop. Nat Commun 6:11
Henderson SA, Billotte N, Pintaud J-C (2006) Genetic isolation of Cape Verde Island Phoenix atlantica (Arecaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers. Conserv Genet 7:213–223
Heywood VH, Dulloo ME (2005) In situ conservation of wild plant species a critical global review of good practices. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) Technical Bulletin 11, Rome, Italy
Ismail HB, Djendoubi N, Kodia A, Hassine DBe, Slama MB (2013) Physicochemical characterization and sensory profile of 7 principal Tunisian date cultivars. Emir J Food Agr 25:331–341
Jain SM (2011a) Prospects of in vitro conservation of date palm genetic diversity for sustainable production. Emir J Food Agr 23:110–119
Jain SM (2011b) Date palm genetic diversity conservation for sustainable production. Acta Hort 882:785–791
Jaradat AA (2011) Biodiversity of date palm. Land use, land cover and soil sciences. Encyclopedia of life support systems (EOLSS), developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, p 31. Available: http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c10/E1-05A-66.pdf. Accessed 5 Aug 2016
Jaradat AA (2015) Genetic erosion of Phoenix dactylifera L.: perceptible, probable, or possible. In: Ahuja MR, Jain SM (eds) Genetic diversity and erosion in plants, vol 8. Springer, Netherlands, pp 131–213
Jatoi MA (2013) In vitro rooting and acclimatization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets. M. Phil thesis, Dept. of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University, Sindh, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
Jatoi MA, Markhand Z, Solangi N (2009) Dates in Sindh: facts and figures. In: Proceedings of international dates seminar, date palm Research Institute, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan, 28 Jul 2009, pp 59–71
Johnson DV (2011) Introduction: date palm biotechnology from theory to practice. In: Jain SM, Al-Khayri JM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm biotechnology. Springer, Netherlands, pp 1–11
Johnson DV, Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM (2013) Seedling date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as genetic resources. Emir J Food Agr 25:809–830
Jubrael JMS (2001) Genetic characterization for some date palm cultivars in Iraq using RAPD markers. IPA J Agr Res 11:138–148 (in Arabic)
Jubrael JM, Udupa SM, Baum M (2005) Assessment of AFLP-based genetic relationships among date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties of Iraq. J Americ Soc Hort Sci 130:442–447
Karim K, Chokri B, Amel S, Wafa H, Richid H, Nouredine D (2010) Genetic diversity of Tunisian date palm germplasm using ISSR markers. Int J Bot 6:182–186
Khairi MMA (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Sudan. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 1. Africa and the Americas. Springer, Netherlands, pp 169–191
Khan A, Khan IA, Heinze B, Azim MK (2011) The chloroplast genome sequence of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. ‘ Aseel ‘). Plant Mol Biol Rep 30:666–678
Khierallah HSM (2007) Micropropagation of two date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars using inflorescences and study the genetic stability using AFLP-PCR markers. PhD dissertation, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Bagdad, Iraq
Khierallah HSM, Bader SM, Baum M, Hamwieh A (2011) Assessment of genetic diversity for some Iraqi date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) using AFLP markers. Afr J Biotech 10:9670–9676
Khierallah HSM, Al-Sammarraie SKI, Mohammed HI (2014) Molecular characterization of some Iraqi date palm cultivars using RAPD and ISSR markers. J Asia Sci Res 4:490–503
Khierallah HS, Bader SM, Ibrahim KM, Al-Jboory IJ (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Iraq. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 2. Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands, pp 97–152
Korat date palm Thailand (2016). Available: http://koratdatepalm.com/. Accessed 24 Feb 2016
Krueger RR (2001) Date palm germplasm: overview and utilization in USA. In: Proceedings the first international conference on date palms. Al-Ain, March 1998, pp 2–37
Krueger RR (2015) Date palm status and perspective in the United States. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 1. Africa and the Americas. Springer, Netherlands, pp 447–485
Kumar N, Modi AR, Singh AS, Gajera BB, Patel AR, Patel MP, Subhash N (2010) Assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plants by RAPD and ISSR markers assay. Phys Mol Biol Plants 16:207–213
Lédo ADS, Moura CRF, Machado CDA, Ramos SRR, Silva AVC, Lédo CAD (2014) Mannitol for coconut ex situ conservation by minimum growth. Pesquisa Agropecuária Bras 49:148–151
Lee DR (1963) Date cultivation in the Coachella Valley, California. Ohio J Sci 63:82–87
Mahar AQ (2007) Post-harvest studies of different cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits, their protection, identification, processing and preservation at district Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. Ph.D thesis, Date Palm Research Institute, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
Mahmud TH (1958) Processing and marketing aspects of the date industry in the Coachella Valley, California. Master of Arts thesis in Geography. University of California Los Angeles, p 298
Maitlo WA (2015) Etiology and management of sudden decline disease of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Pakistan. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
Mancini M (2010) Desert fruit: the dates of Al Jufrah. Slow food foundation for biodiversity, Florence, Italy. Available: http://eco-library.theplanetfixer.org/docs/trees/dates/desert-fruit.pdf. Accessed 5 Aug 2016
Markhand GS, Abul-Soad AA, Mirbahar AA, Kanahr NA (2010) Fruit characterization of Pakistani dates. Pak J Bot 42:3715–3722
Marshal J (1931) Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus civilization. Reprint 2004, AES Publications Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
Martius CFPV (1836–1853) Historia Naturalis Palmarum, 3 vols. T. O. Weigel, Munich, Germany
Maryam, Jaskani MJ, Awan FS, Ahmad S, Khan IA (2016) Development of molecular method for sex identification in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets using novel sex-linked microsatellite markers. 3 Biotech 6:22
Mathew LS, Seidel MA, George B, Mathew S, Spannagl M, Haberer G, Torres MF, Al-Dous EK, Al-Azwani EK, Diboun I, Krueger RR, Mayer KFX, Mohamoud YA, Suhre K, Malek JA (2015) A genome-wide survey of date palm cultivars supports two major subpopulations in Phoenix dactylifera. G3 (Bethesda) 5:1429–1438
Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd B, Hawkes JG (1997) Complementary conservation strategies. In: Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd B, Hawkes JG (eds) Plant genetic conservation: the in situ approach. Springer, Netherlands, pp 15–39
McCubbin MJ (2007) The South African date palm industry—strengths and weaknesses. Acta Hort 736:53–57
Mikki MS (1998) Present status and future prospects of dates and dates palm industries in Saudi Arabia. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on the date palm, Al-Ain, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 8–11 Mar, pp 469–513
Miller W, Smith JG, Taylor N (1930) Phoenix. In: Bailey LH (ed) The standard cyclopedia of horticulture, vol 3. Macmillan, New York
Mirbahar AA, Markhand GS, Khan S, Abul-Soad AA (2013) Genetic diversity analysis among important date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Pakistan using ISSR markers. In: Abstracts of international conference on date palm: present status & future prospects, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 2–3 Sept, p 26
Mirbahar AA, Markhand GS, Khan S, Abul-Soad AA (2014) Molecular characterization of Pakistani date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. Pak J Bot 46:619–625
Moghaieb REA, Abdel-Hadi AA, Ahmed MRA, Hassan AGM (2010) Genetic diversity and sex determination in date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) based on DNA markers. Arab J Biotech 13:143–156
Moore HE (1963) An annotated checklist of cultivated palms. Principles 7:119–183
Mortazavi SMH, Arzani K, Moieni A (2010) Optimizing storage and in vitro germination of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) pollen. J Agric Sci Technol 12:181–189
Mowry H (1952) Native and exotic palms of Florida (revised by Dickey RD and West E). University of Florida Bulletin 152
Mueller UG, Wolfenbarger LL (1999) AFLP genotyping and fingerprinting. Trends Eco Evo 14:389–394
Munier P (ed) (1973) Le palmier-dattier—techniques agricoleset productions tropicales. Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris
Munier P (1974) Le probleme de l’origine du palmier dattier et l’Atlantide. Fruits 29:235–240
Munshi A, Osman G (2010) Investigation on molecular phylogeny of some date palm (Phoenixdactylifra L.) cultivars by protein, RAPD and ISSR markers in Saudi Arabia. Austr J Crop Sci 4:23–28
Nixon RW (1959) Growing dates in the United States. No. 207, U. S. Dept. Agric. Government Printing Office, Washington. P 50
Osman AMA (1984) The performance of date palms in the Sudan. Acta Hort 143:231–237
Osmanzai A, Haideri MA, Obaidi Q (2010) Performance of date palm varieties in Nangarhar, Afghanistan. The Blessed Tree—Sept 2010, pp 64–65
Panga JA (2014) Plants of AMS Garden: a garden in the Arabian Deserts of Dubai. Xlibris Corporation
Pareek S (2015) Date palm status and perspective in India. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 2. Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands, pp 441–485
Pathak MR, Hamzah R (2008) RAPD analysis of date palm cultivars of Bahrain. FloriOrn Biotech 2:9-11Pintaud JC, Zehdi S, Couvreur TLP, Barrow S, Henderson S, Aberlenc-Bertossi F, Tregear J, Billotte N (2010) Species delimitation in the genus Phoenix (Arecaceae) based on SSR markers with emphasis on the identity of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). In: Sebreg O, Petersen G, Barfod AS, Davis JI (eds) Diversity, phylogeny and evolution in the monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Denmark, pp 267–286
Pintaud JC, Zehdi S, Couvreur TLP, Barrow S, Henderson S, Aberlenc-Berossi F, Tregear J, Billote N (2010) Species delimitation in the genus Phoenix (Arecaceae) based on SSR markers, with emphasis on the identity of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). In: Seberg O, Petersen G, Barfod AS, Davis JI (eds) Diversity, Phylogeny and Evolution in the Monocotyledons. Aarhus University Press, Denmark, pp 267–286
Popenoe P (1924) The date palm in antiquity. Sci Monthly 19:313–325
Popenoe P (1973) The date palm. Field Research Projects, Coconut Grove, Miami
Rabei S, Said WM, Rizk RM, El-Sharabasy SF (2012) Morphometric taxonomy of date palm diversity growing in Egypt. Egypt. J Bot, 2nd International conference, 29–30 Apr, Minia University, Egypt, pp 175–189
Rao VR, Sthapit BR (2012) Tropical fruit tree genetic resources: status and effect of climate change. In: Sthapit BR, Rao VR, Sthapit SR (eds) Tropical fruit tree species and climate change. Bioversity International, New Delhi, pp 97–137
Riad M (1993) The date palm sector in Egypt. CIHEAM—Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. SéminairesMéditerranéens 28:45–53
Rivera D, Obón C, Alcaraz F, Carreño E, Laguna E, Amorós A, Johnson DV, Díaz G, Morte A (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Spain. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Jhonson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 2. Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands, pp 489–526
Roberts EH (1975) Problems of long-term storage and seed and pollen of genetic resources conservation. In: Frankel OH, Hawks JG (eds) Crop genetic resources/or today and tomorrow. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 226–296
Saaidi M (1992) Comportement au champ de 32 cultivars de palmier dattier vis- ~ i-vis du Bayoud: 25 ann6es d’observation. -Agronomie 12:359–370
Sabir JSM, Abo-Aba S, Bafeel S, Zari TA, Edris S, Shokry AM, Atef A, Gadalla NO, Ramadan AM, Al-Kordy MA, El-Domyati FM, Jansen RK, Bahieldin A (2014a) Characterization of ten date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Saudi Arabia using AFLP and ISSR markers. C R Biol 337:6–18
Sabir JSM, Arasappan D, Bahieldin A, Abo-Aba S, Bafeel S, Zari TA, Edris S, Shokry AM, Gadalla NO, Ramadan AM, Atef A, Al-Kordy MA, El-Domyati FM, Jansen RK (2014b) Whole mitochondrial and plastid genome SNP analysis of nine date palm cultivars reveals plastid heteroplasmy and close phylogenetic relationships among cultivars. PLoS ONE 9:1–13
Saker MM, Adawy SS, Mohamed AA, El-Itriby HA (2006) Monitoring of cultivar identity in tissue culture-derived date palms using RAPD and AFLP analysis. Biol Plant 50:198–204
Sakka H, Zehdi S, Ould MSA, Rhouma A, Marrakchi M, Trifi M (2003) Tunisian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) genotypes identification mediated by plastid PCR/RFLP based DNA. J Genet Breed 57:259–264
Sakka H, Zehdi S, Ould MSA, Rhouma A, Marrakchi M, Trifi M (2004) Genetic polymorphism of plastid DNA in Tunisian date palm germplasm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) detected with PCR- RFLP. Genet Resour Crop Evo 51:479–487
Salma M, Fki L, Engelmann-Sylvestre I, Niino T, Engelmann F (2014) Comparison of droplet-vitrification and D-cryoplate for cryopreservation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) polyembryonic masses. Sci Hortic (Amsterdam) 179:91–97
Sani LA, Aliyu MD, Hamza A, Adetunji OA, Gidado RM, Solomon BO (2010) Exploring the Nigerian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) germplasm for in vitro callogenesis. Blessed Tree 177–184
Sawaya WN (2000) Proposal for the establishment of a regional network for date-palm in the near East and North Africa. A draft for discussion, FAO/RNE. Available: http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/211145/Date_Palm_Proposal.pdf. Accessed 5 Aug 2016
Sedra MH (2011) Development of new Moroccan selected date palm varieties resistant to bayoud and of good fruit quality. In: JainSM, Al-KhayriJM, Johnson DV (eds), Date palm biotechnology. Springer, Netherlands, pp 513–532
Sedra MH (2013) Genetic diversity analysis of Moroccan cultivar genotyping and rapid screening for Bayoud disease resistance in date palm using molecular techniques. Acta Hort 994:271–286
Sedra MH (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Morocco. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 1. Africa and the Americas. Springer, Netherlands, pp 257–323
Sedra MH, Filali H, Frira D (1993) Observation sur quelques caratéristiques phenotypique setagronomiques du fruit des variétés et clones du palmier dattier séléctionnés. Al Awamia 82:105–120
Sedra MH, El Filali H, Benzine A, Allaoui M, Nour S, Boussak Z (1996) La palmeraie dattière marrocaine: Evaluation du patrimoine phoenicicole. Fruits 1:247–259
Sedra MH, Lashermes P, Trouslot M, Hamon S (1998) Identification and genetic diversity analysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties of Morocco using RAPD markers. Euphytica 103:75–82
Singh BP (2009) Germplasm introduction, exchange, collection/evaluation and conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants-their export potential. In: Trivedi PC (ed) Medicinal plants: utilization and conservation. Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur, pp 8–11
Sirjacobs M (1988) Agro-climatological criteria for selecting the most appropriate areas for protected cultivation in Egypt. Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean climate. Greenhouses in Egypt. FAO, Rome, pp 5–12
Soliman KH, Rizk RM, El-Sharabasy SF (2006) Genetic polymorphism of semi-dry date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars in Egypt. J Biotech 22:261–273
Soumaya RC, Sarra C, Salwa ZA, Khaled C, Khaled S (2014) Molecular polymorphism and phylogenetic relationships within Tunisian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): evidence of non-coding trnL-trnF regions of chloroplast DNAs. Sci Hort 170:32–38
Srivastav VS, Kapadia CV, Mahatma MK, Jha SK, Jha S, Ahmad T (2013) Genetic diversity analysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in the Kutch region of India using RAPD and ISSR markers. Emir J Food Agr 25:907–915
Subaih WS, Shatnawi MA, Shibli RA (2007) Cryopreservation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) embryogenic callus by encapsulation-dehydration, vitrification and encapsulation-vitrification. Jordan J Agr Sci 3:156–171
Sudhersan C, Sudhersan J, Ashkanani J, Al-Sabah L (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Kuwait. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, vol 2. Asia and Europe. Springer, Netherlands, pp 299–321
Sulieman AME, Itimad A, Abd-Elhafise Abdelrahim AM (2012) Comparative study on five Sudanese date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit cultivars. Food Nutr Sci 3:1245–1251
The Plant List (2012). Available: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Phoenix. Accessed 16 Mar 2016
Trifi M, Rhouma A, Marrakchi M (2000) Phylogenetic relationships in Tunisian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) germplasm collection using DNA amplification fingerprinting. Agron 20:665–671
Uhl NW, Dransfield J (1987) Genera palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr, L.H. Baily Hortorium and the International Palm Society, Lawrence, KS, pp 214–217
Wang B, Charest P, Downie B (1993) Ex situ storage of seeds, pollen and in vitro cultures of perennial woody plant species. Forestry paper 113, FAO Rome, p 85
Wasilwa LA, Esilaba AO, Moi T, Wasike VW, Kubaso S (2007) The current status of date palm production and utilization in Kenya. Afr Crop SciConf Proc 8:2209–2212
Withers LA (1991) Biotechnology and plant genetic resources conservation. In: Paroda RS, Arora RK (eds) Plant genetic resources conservation and management. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, pp 273–297
Wrigley G (1995) Date palm, Phoenix dactylifera. In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of crop plants, 2nd edn. Longman, London, pp 399–403
Yang M, Zhang X, Liu G, Yin Y, Chen K, Yun Q, Zhao D, Al-Mssallem I, Yu J (2010) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). PLoS ONE 5:1–14
Younis RAA, Ismail OM, Soliman SS (2008) Identification of sex-specific DNA markers for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) using RAPD and ISSR techniques. Res J Agric Biol Sci 4:278–284
Zabar AF, Borowy A (2012) Cultivation of date palm in Iraq. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska 22:39–54
Zaid A, de Wet PF (2002) Pollination and bunch management. In: Zaid A (ed) Date palm cultivation. FAO Plant Prod. & Prot. Paper 156 Rev, vol 1, pp 227–269
Zaid ZE, El-Dawayati MM, Baker EI, Gomaa AH (2011) Studies on storage under minimal growth condition of date palm callus explants. In: Proceedings of the Arab palm conference, National Centre for Agricultural Technologies King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, pp 401–420
Zehdi S, Trifi M, Salem AOM, Rhouma A, Marrakchi M (2002) Survey of inter simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in Tunisian date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.). J Genet Breed 56:77–83
Zehdi-Azouzi S, Rhouma S, Dkkhil-Dakhlaoui S, Salem AOM, Cherif E, Othmani A, Marrakchi M, Trifi M (2011) Polymorphism and genetic relationship in date palm using molecular markers. In: Jain SM, Al-Khayri JM, Johnson DV (eds) Date Palm Biotechnology. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 407–425
Zhao Y, Williams R, Prakash C, He G (2013) Identification and characterization of gene-based SSR markers in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). BMC Plant Biol 12:237
Zohary D, Hopf M (2000) Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Abul-Soad, A.A., Jain, S.M., Jatoi, M.A. (2017). Biodiversity and Conservation of Date Palm. In: Ahuja, M., Jain, S. (eds) Biodiversity and Conservation of Woody Plants. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, vol 17. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66426-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66426-2_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-66425-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-66426-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)