Abstract
A promising technique for the formal verification of embedded and cyber-physical systems is flow-pipe construction, which creates a sequence of regions covering all reachable states over time. Flow-pipe construction methods can check whether specifications are met for all states, rather than just testing using a finite and incomplete set of simulation traces. A fundamental challenge when using flow-pipe construction on high-dimensional systems is the cost of geometric operations, such as intersection and convex hull. We address this challenge by showing that it is often possible to remove the need to perform high-dimensional geometric operations by combining two model transformations, direct time-triggered conversion and dynamics scaling. Further, we prove the overapproximation error in the conversion can be made arbitrarily small. Finally, we show that our transformation-based approach enables the analysis of a drivetrain system with up to 51 dimensions.
DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release; Distribution unlimited. (Approval AFRL PA #88ABW-2017-1923, 25 APR 2017).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Althoff, M.: An introduction to CORA 2015. In: Proceeding of the Workshop on Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems, pp. 120–151 (2015)
Althoff, M., Krogh, B.H.: Avoiding geometric intersection operations in reachability analysis of hybrid systems. In: Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, HSCC 2012, Beijing, China, 17–19 April 2012, pp. 45–54 (2012)
Althoff, M., Le Guernic, C., Krogh, B.H.: Reachable set computation for uncertain time-varying linear systems. In: Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, pp. 93–102 (2011)
Althoff, M., Rajhans, A., Krogh, B.H., Yaldiz, S., Li, X., Pileggi, L.: Formal verification of phase-locked loops using reachability analysis and continuization. In: Proceeding of the International Conference on Computer Aided Design, pp. 659–666 (2011)
Althoff, M., Stursberg, O., Buss, M.: Computing reachable sets of hybrid systems using a combination of zonotopes and polytopes. Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 4(2), 233–249 (2010)
Alur, R., Courcoubetis, C., Halbwachs, N., Henzinger, T.A., Ho, P.-H., Nicollin, X., Olivero, A., Sifakis, J., Yovine, S.: The algorithmic analysis of hybrid systems. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 138(1), 3–34 (1995)
Bak, S.: Reducing the wrapping effect in flowpipe construction using pseudo-invariants. In: 4th ACM SIGBED International Workshop on Design, Modeling, and Evaluation of Cyber-Physical Systems (CyPhy 2014), pp. 40–43 (2014)
Bak, S., Bogomolov, S., Henzinger, T.A., Johnson, T.T., Prakash, P.: Scalable static hybridization methods for analysis of nonlinear systems. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, HSCC 2016, pp. 155–164. ACM, New York (2016)
Bak, S., Bogomolov, S., Johnson, T.T.: HYST: a source transformation and translation tool for hybrid automaton models. In: 18th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control (HSCC 2015), pp. 128–133. ACM (2015)
Bak, S., Duggirala, P.S.: Direct verification of linear systems with over 10000 dimensions. In: 4th International Workshop on Applied Verification for Continuous and Hybrid Systems (2017)
Bak, S., Duggirala, P.S.: Hylaa: A tool for computing simulation-equivalent reachability for linear systems. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, pp. 173–178. ACM (2017)
Bak, S., Johnson, T.T.: Periodically-scheduled controller analysis using hybrid systems reachability and continuization. In: 36th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), San Antonio, Texas. IEEE Computer Society, December 2015
Benvenuti, L., Bresolin, D., Collins, P., Ferrari, A., Geretti, L., Villa, T.: Assume-guarantee verification of nonlinear hybrid systems with ARIADNE. Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control 24, 699–724 (2014)
Bogomolov, S., Frehse, G., Greitschus, M., Grosu, R., Pasareanu, C., Podelski, A., Strump, T.: Assume-guarantee abstraction refinement meets hybrid systems. In: Yahav, E. (ed.) HVC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8855, pp. 116–131. Springer, Cham (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13338-6_10
Bogomolov, S., Frehse, G., Grosu, R., Ladan, H., Podelski, A., Wehrle, M.: A box-based distance between regions for guiding the reachability analysis of SpaceEx. In: Madhusudan, P., Seshia, S.A. (eds.) CAV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7358, pp. 479–494. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31424-7_35
Bogomolov, S., Mitrohin, C., Podelski, A.: Composing reachability analyses of hybrid systems for safety and stability. In: Proceeding of the 8th International Symposium on Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis, pp. 67–81 (2010)
Botchkarev, O., Tripakis, S.: Verification of hybrid systems with linear differential inclusions using ellipsoidal approximations. In: Lynch, N., Krogh, B.H. (eds.) HSCC 2000. LNCS, vol. 1790, pp. 73–88. Springer, Heidelberg (2000). doi:10.1007/3-540-46430-1_10
Brihaye, T., Doyen, L., Geeraerts, G., Ouaknine, J., Raskin, J.-F., Worrell, J.: Time-bounded reachability for monotonic hybrid automata: complexity and fixed points. In: Hung, D., Ogawa, M. (eds.) ATVA 2013. LNCS, vol. 8172, pp. 55–70. Springer, Cham (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02444-8_6
Bu, L., Li, Y., Wang, L., Chen, X., Li, X.: Bach 2: bounded reachability checker for compositional linear hybrid systems. In: Proceeding of Design, Automation & Test in Europe, pp. 1512–1517 (2010)
Chen, X., Ábrahám, E., Sankaranarayanan, S.: Flow*: an analyzer for non-linear hybrid systems. In: Sharygina, N., Veith, H. (eds.) CAV 2013. LNCS, vol. 8044, pp. 258–263. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39799-8_18
Chen, X., Sankaranarayanan, S., Ábrahám, E.: Taylor model flowpipe construction for non-linear hybrid systems. In: Proceeding of the 33rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (2012)
Chen, X., Schupp, S., Makhlouf, I.B., Ábrahám, E., Frehse, G., Kowalewski, S.: A benchmark suite for hybrid systems reachability analysis. In: Havelund, K., Holzmann, G., Joshi, R. (eds.) NFM 2015. LNCS, vol. 9058, pp. 408–414. Springer, Cham (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17524-9_29
Dang, T.: Vérification et synthèse des systèmes hybrides. PhD thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (2000)
Donzé, A., Maler, O.: Systematic simulation using sensitivity analysis. In: Bemporad, A., Bicchi, A., Buttazzo, G. (eds.) HSCC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4416, pp. 174–189. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71493-4_16
Fränzle, M., Herde, C.: HySAT: an efficient proof engine for bounded model checking of hybrid systems. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 30(3), 179–198 (2007)
Frehse, G.: PHAVer: algorithmic verification of hybrid systems past HyTech. In: Morari, M., Thiele, L. (eds.) HSCC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3414, pp. 258–273. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-31954-2_17
Frehse, G., Guernic, C., Donzé, A., Cotton, S., Ray, R., Lebeltel, O., Ripado, R., Girard, A., Dang, T., Maler, O.: SpaceEx: scalable verification of hybrid systems. In: Gopalakrishnan, G., Qadeer, S. (eds.) CAV 2011. LNCS, vol. 6806, pp. 379–395. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22110-1_30
Frehse, G., Jha, S.K., Krogh, B.H.: A counterexample-guided approach to parameter synthesis for linear hybrid automata. In: Egerstedt, M., Mishra, B. (eds.) HSCC 2008. LNCS, vol. 4981, pp. 187–200. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78929-1_14
Frehse, G., Kateja, R., Le Guernic, C.: Flowpipe approximation and clustering in space-time. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, pp. 203–212. ACM (2013)
Frehse, G., Ray, R.: Flowpipe-guard intersection for reachability computations with support functions. In: Proceeding of Analysis and Design of Hybrid Systems, pp. 94–101 (2012)
Ghorbal, K., Goubault, E., Putot, S.: A logical product approach to zonotope intersection. In: Proceeding of the 27th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, pp. 212–226 (2010)
Girard, A., Le Guernic, C.: Efficient reachability analysis for linear systems using support functions. In: Proceeding of the 17th IFAC World Congress, pp. 8966–8971 (2008)
Girard, A., Guernic, C.: Zonotope/Hyperplane intersection for hybrid systems reachability analysis. In: Egerstedt, M., Mishra, B. (eds.) HSCC 2008. LNCS, vol. 4981, pp. 215–228. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78929-1_16
Henzinger, T.A., Ho, P.-H., Wong-Toi, H.: HYTECH: the next generation. In: Proceeding. of the 16th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, pp. 56–65 (1995)
Immler, F.: A verified algorithm for geometric zonotope/hyperplane intersection. In: Proceeding of the Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs, pp. 129–136 (2015)
Kong, S., Gao, S., Chen, W., Clarke, E.: dReach: \(\delta \)-reachability analysis for hybrid systems. In: Proceeding of Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, pp. 200–205 (2015)
Kurzhanski, A., Varaiya, P.: Ellipsoidal techniques for hybrid dynamics: the reachability problem. In: Dayawansa, W.P., Lindquist, A., Zhou, Y. (eds.) New Directions and Applications in Control Theory, vol. 321, pp. 193–205. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). doi:10.1007/10984413_12
Lagerberg, A.: A benchmark on hybrid control of an automotive powertrain with backlash. Technical report R005/2007, Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology (2007)
Le Guernic, C., Girard, A.: Reachability analysis of linear systems using support functions. Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 4(2), 250–262 (2010)
Maïga, M., Ramdani, N., Travé-Massuyès, L., Combastel, C.: A CSP versus a zonotope-based method for solving guard set intersection in nonlinear hybrid reachability. Math. Comput. Sci. 8, 407–423 (2014)
Mitchell, I.M., Susuki, Y.: Level set methods for computing reachable sets of hybrid systems with differential algebraic equation dynamics. In: Egerstedt, M., Mishra, B. (eds.) HSCC 2008. LNCS, vol. 4981, pp. 630–633. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78929-1_51
Nordin, M., Gutman, P.-O.: Controlling mechanical systems with backlash - a survey. Automatica 38, 1633–1649 (2002)
Platzer, A.: Logical Analysis of Hybrid Systems: Proving Theorems for Complex Dynamics. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14509-4
Ramdani, N., Nedialkov, N.S.: Computing reachable sets for uncertain nonlinear hybrid systems using interval constraint-propagation techniques. Nonlinear Anal. Hybrid Syst. 5(2), 149–162 (2010)
Schupp, S., Ábrahám, E., Chen, X., Ben Makhlouf, I., Frehse, G., Sankaranarayanan, S., Kowalewski, S.: Current challenges in the verification of hybrid systems. In: Proceeding of the Fifth Workshop on Design, Modeling and Evaluation of Cyber Physical Systems, pp. 8–24 (2015)
Smirnov, G.V.: Introduction to the Theory of Differential Inclusions. American Mathematical Society (2002)
Acknowledgment
This work was partly supported by the ARC project DP140104219 (Robust AI Planning for Hybrid Systems), the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant number AL 1185/5-1, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bak, S., Bogomolov, S., Althoff, M. (2017). Time-Triggered Conversion of Guards for Reachability Analysis of Hybrid Automata. In: Abate, A., Geeraerts, G. (eds) Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems. FORMATS 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10419. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65765-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65765-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65764-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-65765-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)