Abstract
Sport plays a key role within discourses of masculinity in Western contemporary culture. Throughout mainstream prison research, the male offender is recognised (or perhaps unrecognised) as the non-gendered offender. However, contemporary researchers are beginning to acknowledge the omission of their predecessors to treat the gender of male subjects as problematic (Morgan, 1986; Newton, 1994). Nonetheless, this explicit recognition remains relatively unusual in academia, as within the prison walls there still exists an apparent silence around gender and masculinity (Sabo, 2000). Johnsen’s ethnographic study of sport, masculinities and power relations in a Norwegian prison revealed that few male prisoners view themselves as gendered men or have a “conscious relationship to the concept of masculinity” (Johnsen 2001, p. 108), instead appearing more at ease discussing femininity and their gender in relation to women (Johnsen 2001). So, although research is now serving to objectify male prisoners as gendered subjects, for the most part male prisoners seem to be subjectively unaware of their gender, except perhaps, in the context of sport. When referring to young offenders (aged 15–21 years old), it is also important to consider that adolescent boys may experience masculinity in a somewhat different manner to adults, particularly in British society where masculinities of young men are often presented as being problematic (Frosh, 2001). The criminality of young offenders suggests that their experience of masculinities has been more negative than most, leading them to construct a masculinity which conflicts with social norms and laws. Although there is limited research which focuses on the role of sport in debates of masculinity in prison, this chapter will consider literature on sporting masculinities across the community and the prison estate where possible, in the context of both adult prisoners and young offenders, making inferences where research does not exist.
Notes
- 1.
As drawn from Bordieu’s idea of ‘embodied’ capital as a subdivision of cultural capital (Bordieu 1986).
- 2.
Empowerment , as recognised in this chapter, is the development of internal power, strength and confidence, in particular, feeling in control of one’s own life and rights.
- 3.
The IEP scheme currently running in prisons across England and Wales operates three privilege levels: basic, standard and enhanced. Prisoners must display good behaviour and work towards their own rehabilitation if they are to earn privileges and gain enhanced level status.
- 4.
The Duke of Edinburgh Award is a programme which invites young people to complete a series of challenges across five sectors (volunteering, physical, skills, expedition and residential), and there are three levels of award which increase in duration and difficulty.
- 5.
Troopaid is a charity raising money to support injured troops returning from conflict across the British Armed Forces.
- 6.
For example, sex offenders are forbidden from completing a sport-based qualification on the basis that they may use this following release to gain employment which enables them to work inappropriately closely with individuals who they may regard as potential targets for a sexual offence.
References
Adler, A., & Adler, P. (1998). Peer power: Preadolescent culture and identity. London: Rutgers University Press.
All-Parliamentary Group for Boxing. (2015). Boxing: The right Hook. [Online]. Available at: https://appgboxing.wordpress.com/2015/03/17/boxing-the-right-hook/. Accessed 26 Jan 2017.
Anderson, E. (2011). Inclusive masculinity: The changing nature of masculinities. Oxon: Routledge.
Bandyopadhyay, M. (2006). Competing masculinities in a prison. Men and Masculinities, 9(2), 186–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X06287765.
Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine domination. Cambridge: Polity.
Buchman, B. P., Sallis, J. F., Criqui, M. H., Dimsdale, J. E., & Kaplan, R. M. (1991). Physical activity, physical fitness, and psychological characteristics of medical students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 35(2–3), 197–208.
Carrabin, E., & Longhurst, B. (1998). Gender and prison organisation: Some comments on masculinities and prison management. The Howard Journal, 37(2), 161–176.
Connell, R. W. (1990). An iron man: The body and some contradictions of hegemonic masculinity. In M. A. Messner & D. F. Sabo (Eds.), Sport, men and the gender order: Critical feminist perspectives. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity.
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639.
Evans, T., & Wallace, P. (2008). A prison within a prison? The masculinity narratives of male prisoners. Men and Masculinities, 10(4), 484–507.
Foley, H. A., Carlton, C. O., & Howell, R. J. (1996). The relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder to juvenile delinquency: Legal implications. The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 24(3), 333–345.
Foucault, M. (1991). Space, knowledge and power. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault reader: An introduction to Foucault’s thought. London: Penguin Books.
Gilbert, R., & Gilbert, P. (1998). Masculinity goes to school. London: Routledge.
Gordon, T., Holland, J., & Lahelma, E. (2000). Making spaces: Citizenship and differences in schools. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.
Groombridge, N. (2016). Sports criminology. A critical criminology of sport and games. London: The Policy Press.
Hassmén, P., Koivula, N., & Uutela, A. (2000). Physical exercise and psychological well-being: A population study in Finland. Preventive Medicine, 30(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1999.0597.
Johnsen, B. (2001). Sport, masculinities and power relations in prison. Oslo: The Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education, Norges Idrettshøgskole.
Legislation.gov.uk. (2017). Criminal Justice Act 2013. [Online]. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/schedule/15. Accessed 26 Jan 2017.
McNay, L. (1992). Foucault and feminism. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Meek, R. (2014). Sport in prison: Exploring the role of physical activity in correctional settings. Oxon: Routledge.
Meek, R., Champion N., & Klier S. (2012). Fit for release. London: Prisoners Education Trust.
Messner, M. A. (1990). When bodies are weapons: Masculinity and violence in sport. International Review for Sociology of Sport, 25(3), 203–219.
Ministry of Justice. (2011). Physical Education (PE) for Prisoners. PSI 58/2011. National Offender Management Service. Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/offenders/psipso/psi-2011/psi-58-2011-physical-education.doc. Accessed 26 Jan 2017.
Morgan, D. (2000, March). Problems with masculinities. Lecture at the seminar “Researching Masculinities” in Trondheim, 20–23.
National Offender Management Service. (2015). Release on temporary licence. PSI 13/2015. Available at: https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/offenders/psipso/psi-2015/psi-13-2015-release-on-temporary-licence.docx. Accessed 26 Jan 2017.
Newton, C. (1994). Gender theory and prison sociology: Using theories of masculinities to interpret the sociology of prisons for men. Howard Journal, 10, 193–202.
Riciardelli, R. (2013). Establishing and asserting masculinities in Canadian penitentiaries. Journal of Gender Studies, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2013.812513.
Riciardelli, R., Maier, K., & Hannah-Moffat, K. (2015). Strategic masculinities: Vulnerabilities, risk and the production of prison masculinities. Theoretical Criminology, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480614565849.
Messner, M. A. and Sabo, D. F. (1994). Sex, Violence & Power in Sports: Rethinking Masculinity. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press.
Sabo, D. F. (2000, October 13). Prison masculinities: Issues for research on men, masculinities, and gender relations. Lecture in Oslo.
Sabo, D. (2001). Doing Time, Doing Masculinity: Sports and Prisons, In Sabo, D., Kupers, T. A. & London, W. (eds) Prison Masculinities. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Salmon, P. (2001). Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(1), 33–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x.
Schawalbe, M. (1992). Male supremacy and the narrowing of the moral self. Berkley Journal of Sociology, 37, 29–54.
Shilling, C. (1993). The body and social theory. London: Sage Publications.
Swain, J. (2002). The role of sport in the promotion of masculinity in an English independent junior school. Sport, Education and Society, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320600924841.
United States Government. (1997). 104th Congress Public Law. Accessed at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ208/html/PLAW-104publ208.htm. Accessed 26 Jan 2017.
Wellard, I. (2002). Men, sport, body performance and maintenance of ‘exclusive masculinity’. Leisure Studies, 21(3–4), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436022000030641.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baumer, H., Meek, R. (2018). Sporting Masculinities in Prison. In: Maycock, M., Hunt, K. (eds) New Perspectives on Prison Masculinities. Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65654-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65654-0_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65653-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-65654-0
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)