Abstract
The impact on the nature of happiness of technological and social changes from 1938 to 2014 is explored. It outlines the advantages of the “consumer society”, but also the downsides, for some, of problem debt and discontent. The influence of the Internet age on community identification and the greater individualization and importance of leisure is discussed. Reported happiness levels are similar in both periods confirming the Easterlin Paradox. In 2014, happiness may be more materialistic with less inner peace and contentment. Family remains highly valued with chosen friendships replacing “giving to/helping others”. How much is enhanced happiness within the control of the individual or due to circumstances? As the link between health and happiness is recognized should the growth of GNP remain the primary government policy?
References
Borrero, D., Escobar, A. B., Cortess, A. M., & Maya, L. C. (2013). Poor and distressed, but happy: Situational and cultural moderators of the relationship between wealth and happiness. Estudois Gerenciales, 29, 2–11.
Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2015). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. Available from http://www.peggykern.org/questionnaires.html. See also article by same authors with same title in 2016. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6 (3), 1–48.
CentreForum Commission. (2014). The pursuit of happiness: A new ambition for our mental health. ISBN 978-1-909 274-17-4.
Clark, A., Fleche. S., Layard, R., Powdthavee, N., Ward, G. (forthcoming) (2016). Origins of happiness: Evidence and policy implications. Princetown University Press. Preview Available from http://voxeu.org/article/origins-happiness.
Easterlin, R. A., McVey, L. A., Switek, M., Sawangfa, O., & Zweig, J. S. (2010). The happiness-income paradox revisited. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States of America, 107(52), 22643–22648.
ESRC Conference on the Politics of Well-being. (2015). Sheffield Town Hall, 17th July 2015. http://politicsofwellbeing.group.shef.ac.uk/?page_id=266.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202.
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (eds.) (2012). World happiness report 2012. The Earth Institute, Columbia University. ISBN 978-0-9968513-0-5.
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (eds.) (2015). World happiness report 2015. Sustainable development solutions, USA, website www.unsdsn.org/happiness.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073–1082.
James, O. J. (2007). Affluenza. Random House, Reading, UK. ISBN 978091900113.
Jones, S. (2017). A critique of the “origins of happiness” study. SCISCO MEDIA. https://sciscomedia.co.uk/a-critique-of-happiness-study/. Accessed 14.1.17.
Jordon, T. (2013). Internet, society and culture. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1628923483.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness; preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155.
Martin, M. C., & Kennedy, P. F. (1994). Social comparison and the beauty of advertising models: The role of motives for comparison. In C. T. Allen & D. Roedder (Eds.), NA—Advances in consumer research, association for consumer research, (Vol 21, pp. 365–371).
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
Mercola, J. (2014). Why happiness is healthy http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/04/03/happiness-improves-health.aspx.
Novotney, A. (2012). Money can’t buy happiness. Extremely wealthy people have their own set of concerns; anxiety about their children, uncertainty over their relationships and fears of isolation, finds research by Robert Kenny. American Psychological Association. July/August 2012, Vol 43, No.7. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/07-08/money/aspx.
Obelkevich, J. (1994). Consumption. In Obelkevich & P. Catterall (Eds.), Understanding post-war British society. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10940-X.
ONS. (2015). Measuring national well-being, life in the UK 2015. www.gov.uk/government/publications/well-being-and-health policy. Accessed 25 March 2015. ONS website: www.ons.gov.uk.
Power, M. (2016). Understanding happiness: A critical review of positive psychology. London: Routledge.
Scott, E. (2016). The link between happiness and health. Happiness and health go together. Verywell. https://www.verywell.com/the-link-between-happiness-and-health-3144619.
Shrum, L. J., Wong, N., & Arif, F. (2012). Reconceptualising materialism as identity goal pursuits. Functions, processes, and consequences. Journal of Business Research. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.010.
The Bolton News. (2014). Why Brian was happy before his £25 m win. p. 4, 12 Feb 2014.
The Children’s Society. (2016). The good childhood report 2016. Summary. https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/pcr090_summary_web.pdf.
The Money Charity. (2016, 2017). The money charity statistics march 2016, march 2017. www.themoneycharity.org.uk. Accessed 17.3.16 and 29.3.17.
The Sunday Times. (2006). The good life fails to make Britain happy. Steven Swinford, News. p. 6, 8 Jan 2006.
The Young Foundation. (2010). The state of happiness: Can public policy shape people’s wellbeing and resilience. London: Solopress. ISBN 978-1-9055551-12-5.
Turkle, S. (2013). Alone together. We expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books. NY. 978-0-465-01021-9.
Van Boven, & Gilovich. (2003). To do or to have? That is the question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85 (6), 1193–1202.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McHugh, S. (2017). Conclusions and Afterthoughts. In: McHugh, S. (eds) The Changing Nature of Happiness. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65651-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65651-9_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65650-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-65651-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)